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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
 6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rat astrocytes in primary cultures were employed to isolate the plasma membrane. The method for the isolation of plasma membrane was based on the capacity of the cytoskeleton to adhere to the substratum entrapping intracellular organelles during freezing-thawing cycle performed on the cell. By washing the 'surface adherent framework', the untrapped plasma membrane were recovered and density equilibrium centrifugation resulted in the isolated membrane. The isolated plasma membrane was characterized on the basis of a variety of marker enzymes positive to the plasma membrane such as (Na+ + K+)-ATPase or 5'-nucleotidase as well as the lack of conventional markers of other endomembranes. Ultrastructurally the membranes, as isolated here, were mainly vesicular in nature. The isolated plasma membrane was devoid of the dehydrogenase responsible for NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. However, NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity and the dehydrogenase system catalyzing the transfer of reducing equivalents from NADH or NADPH to dichloroindophenol seems plasma membrane redox system. The identical specific activity employing dichloroindophenol as an electron acceptor with NADH or NADPH as donor indicate a DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) like activity in the astrocytes plasma membrane.
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PMID:Plasma membrane isolated from astrocytes in primary cultures. Its acceptor oxidoreductase properties. 609 77

A histochemical study of the metabolism of rat renal arteries and arterioles. Rat renal arteries and arterioles were examined histochemically to determine their metabolic profiles. Succinate, malate and NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and ubiquinone were assessed to determine aerobic metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and DPN diaphorase were evaluated to determine hexose-monophosphate-shunt activity. Anaerobic metabolism was evaluated via lactate dehydrogenase, and the substrate, glycogen. Gomori's lipase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and amounts of neutral fat and free fatty acids were assessed as indicators of lipid utilization. Myosin ATPase activity was evaluated as an index of ATP utilization for contraction. Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids were appraised as indicators of protein synthesis. In general, the oxidative enzymes and myosin ATPase demonstrate considerable activity in renal arteries and arterioles which suggests aerobic metabolism and ATP usage. Renal arteries and arterioles also appear capable of anaerobic metabolism as indicated by strong lactate dehydrogenase reactivity and by the presence of slight to moderate quantities of glycogen, while high levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and moderate amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid suggest a potential for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, minimal lipase activity, and the absence of fatty acids with substantial amounts of neutral fat, indicate limited lipid catabolism.
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PMID:A histochemical study of the metabolism of rat renal arteries and arterioles. 620 11

The profiles of fiber types in hindlimb muscles from the tree shrew (Tupaia glis), lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis), and the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) were determined using histochemical techniques. Fibers were classified as fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), slow-twitch oxidative (SO), or fast-twitch oxidative (FO), according to reactions for alkaline-stable ATPase, acid-stable ATPase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (MaGPDH), and beta-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, as well as glycogen staining by the periodic acid-Schiff technique. Prolonged dissection of numerous muscles was carried out on hindlimbs submersed in cold Tyrode's solution; such treatment had no qualitative effect on enzyme staining reactions, but it is not a suitable procedure if one wishes to stain for glycogen. Fast-twitch oxidative (FO) fibers are alkaline-stable ATPase-positive and possess low MalphaGPDH enzyme activity. These fibers have not been reported previously in any hindlimb muscles. No muscles of any species studies were homogeneous with respect to fiber type. Slow loris muscles lacked FG fibers. The majority of the muscles of the slow loris contained numerous SO fibers. The relationship between enzyme activities and locomotor pattern is discussed.
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PMID:Comparative histochemical study of prosimian primate hindlimb muscles. I. Muscle fiber types. 645 15

Selected biochemical and physiological properties of skeletal muscle were studied in light of performance capabilities in 24 elite female track athletes. The feasibility of quantifying end point histochemistry and relating oxidative staining density (reduced nicotinomide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase: NADH-D) to whole body maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was also investigated, while muscle fiber types, classified according to alkaline APTase stains, were studied and related to muscle oxidative capacity (succinate dehydrogenase: SDH), VO2 max and "in vivo" torque-velocity properties. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of each subject and maximal knee extensor torques were recorded at 30 degrees from full extension at four selected velocities. While results confirm earlier reports on skeletal muscle properties and performance it was concluded that end point histochemistry could be reliably quantified and that an "oxidative" stain such as NADH-D correlates extremely well with VO2 max (r = 0.86, p less than 0.001) whereas correlations between % slow twitch fibres (Alkaline ATPase stain) and VO2 max were lower (r = 0.44, p less than 0.05). Additionally, as knee extension velocity increased from 0-1.7 rad x s-1 angle specific extensor torque production did not decline as observed in vitro and pentathletes displayed significantly larger torques at all velocities when compared to the other athletes. These data confirm that while myofibrillar ATPase staining correlates with force-velocity properties of muscle, VO2 max is better correlated with quantified oxidative staining.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle properties and performance in elite female track athletes. 646 Jun 14

Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recruited during different behaviors. All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72). Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
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PMID:Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): functional properties and fiber types. 648 10

1. This report describes selected histochemical and physiological properties of the motor units of adult cat soleus muscle approximately one year after self- and cross-reinnervation with the nerve of the heterogenous flexor hallucis longus (f.h.l.). Self-reinnervated f.h.l. motor units are also considered. Whole muscles were tested for fibre reaction to alkaline pre-incubated ATPase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D). Motor units were isolated and studied by splitting the ventral root in acute preparations.2. The histochemical fibre type profile in the self-reinnervated muscle was comparable to normal muscle as was mean twitch contraction time, twitch-tetanus ratio and fatigue index. The mean tetanic tension of the soleus self- and cross-reinnervated motor units appeared close to a normal soleus whereas the mean tetanic tension of the f.h.l. self-reinnervated units was significantly less than a normal f.h.l.3. An average of 14% of the fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles had high ATPase and a alpha-GPD staining intensity in contrast to normal and self-reinnervated soleus in which such fibres are absent. Thus alkaline lability of myofibrillar ATPase increased in some fibres of what was originally a homogeneous population. The small increase in the number of densely staining fibres for ATPase at an alkaline pH (14%) was associated with a 73% decrease in (mean) contraction time (41 +/- 11 ms) of the thirty-three cross-reinnervated muscle units studied, with no unit's contraction time greater than 60 ms. Mean contraction times for the self-reinnervated soleus and f.h.l. muscles were 78 +/- 31 ms and 27 +/- 8 ms respectively.4. All fibres of the soleus cross-reinnervated muscles showed intense reaction to NADH-D, as was true of self-reinnervated soleus. This staining pattern is typical of normal soleus. In concordance, these motor units consistently demonstrated a high resistance to fatigue when stimulated for a four-minute period.5. These results suggest that in the adult self-and cross-reinnervated soleus muscle, there is some active mechanism which regulates the eventual size of motor units as reflected by tetanic tension.6. Change in contraction time from that typical for a soleus unit to that similar to an f.h.l. unit remains incomplete one year after cross-reinnervation. Within this time this partial change in single motor units reflects incomplete neural control of this property rather than a mixture of self- and foreign-innervation.7. A greater degree of independence from neural control to conversion of the histochemically demonstrated myofibrillar ATPase activity exists than is the case for contraction time.
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PMID:Histochemical and physiological properties of cat motor units after self-and cross-reinnervation. 715 31

Cationic antiseptics--catamine AB, polysept (polymeric derivative of chlorhexidine) as well as cationic protein protamine exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic effect on human skin and lung fibroblasts in cell culture. Their effect was accompanied by augmentation of lipid peroxidation products and by inhibition of DT-diaphorase, LDH, ATPase and glutathione reductase. Introduction of alpha-tocopherol into the cultural medium normalized the rate of lipid peroxidation but did not remove the inhibitory effect on activity of oxidoreductase studied. Blood serum proteins immunoglobulins and albumin diminished significantly the cytotoxic effect of cationic preparations contributing to restoration of all the parameters studied to control values; this phenomenon appears to occur due to nonspecific membrane protective and antioxidation effects of the blood serum proteins.
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PMID:[Some biochemical indicators of the cytotoxic response of human fibroblasts cultured with natural and synthetic polycations]. 779 94

As revealed by the NADH-diaphorase and myosine ATPase, the M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat possesses at least 3 main kinds of fibres, with different distribution on the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. The superficial portion revealed that 67.68% are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 14.72% are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative) fibres and 17.60% are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. Already the deep portion revealed that 71.29% are SO (slow-twitch-glycolytic) fibres, 17.46% are FOG (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic) fibres and 11.25% are FG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) fibres. The miosine ATPase reaction was used to demonstrate contracting characteristics. These findings suggest that the movements of fast contraction of the M. extensor carpi radialis longus are predominant.
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PMID:Distribution of different fibre types of M. extensor carpi radialis longus of the rat. 788 87

A histochemical analysis was performed on the activity of myofibrillar ATPase following preincubation at pH 10.3 with NADH-diaphorase in the cat tail muscles (ECM; extensor caudae medialis, ECL; extensor caudae lateralis, ACE; abductor caudae externus, ACI; abductor caudae internus, FCL; flexor caudae longus, and FCB; flexor caudae brevis). Muscles contained three types of muscle fibers: FG (fast-twitch glycolytic) showed high reaction of myofibrillar ATPase staining and low reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining; FOG (fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic) showed high reaction in myofibrillar ATPase staining and high reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining; and SO (slow-twitch oxidative) showed low reaction in myofibrillar ATPase staining and high reaction in NADH-diaphorase staining. All 6 tail muscles were composed of these three types of fibers, but proportions differed in each tail muscle. Proportions of SO and FG fibers were highest in ECL (SO: 38.6 +/- 2.3, S.D. %) and ACI (FG: 59.2 +/- 5.0%), respectively. The diameters of the fibers were also measured (SO; 50.47 +/- 3.12, FOG; 58.18 +/- 2.78, FG; 70.91 +/- 3.40, S.D. microns).
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PMID:Histochemical fiber composition of cat's tail muscles. 814 97

Two strains of Chlamydia psittaci (one isolated from aborted goat foetus and the other from brain of a buffalo calf that had died of meningoencephalitis) were injected intracisternally into six goats to produce experimental mastitis. Cryostat sections of 7-8 microns thickness, obtained from udder, teat, liver and kidney of infected and control animals were incubated for histoenzymic demonstration of alkaline-(AKPase), acid-(ACPase) and adenosine-tri-(ATPase) phosphatases; lactate-(LDH) and succinate-(SDH) dehydrogenases and for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-D). Results demonstrated that AKPase and NADPH-D declined while ACPase accumulated in acinar cells of udder while both NADPH-D and ACPase decreased in teat sinus epithelium. Hepatic canaliculi in perilobular areas of liver lobules registered complete absence of AKPase and ATPase. Hepatocytes and renal tubules accumulated LDH, SDH and NADPH-D. The interstitial connective tissue of udder and kidney presented higher levels of AKPase. Comparison of results with biochemical alterations in the level of these enzymes revealed striking discrepancies which seem to arise because of failure of biochemical procedures to discriminate between functional cells of tissue and inflammatory cells. The functional significance of histoenzymic alterations has been discussed.
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PMID:Studies on experimental chlamydial mastitis in goat histoenzymology. 828 44


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