Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurons in the human adrenal medulla, stained by the NADH-diaphorase reaction, were counted and their neurochemical markers were investigated by double labeling immunofluorescence with special reference to substance P. The findings indicate a significant participation of intramedullary nerve cell bodies in human adrenal innervation with 40.4 neurons/mm3 adrenal medulla. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons, which made up approximately 20% of all neurons, exhibited heterogeneity by co-localization of immunoreactivities for dynorphin, for cholecystokinin, and for neurofilament triplet. Substance-P-immunolabeled neurons were always nonreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. These chemical phenotypes of intramedullary neurons reveal immunohistochemical similarities with postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia or with enteric neurons, suggesting a hitherto unrecognized functional significance of the intrinsic nervous system in the human adrenal gland.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical heterogeneity of nerve cells in the human adrenal gland with special reference to substance P. 860 96

The rat uterus is innervated by sensory and autonomic nerves. Sensory and sympathetic fibers travel in the hypogastric nerves and are associated with the thoracolumbar spinal cord levels T13-L3. The inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) contains the somata of sympathetic postganglionic neurons and some of these may project axons to the uterus. Sensory and parasympathetic fibers travel in the pelvic nerve and are associated with the lumbosacral cord levels L6-S1 and pelvic ganglion (PG). We previously reported data concerning the neurochemical anatomy of the PG with regard to the uterine innervation; the present study was undertaken to characterize the neurochemical anatomy of the IMG with regard to it involvement in uterine innervation. A retrograde axonal tracer was used to verify projections of axons of IMG neurons to the uterus. Immunostaining of cryostat sections of the IMG revealed neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunostaining for the synaptic terminal protein synapsin I (SYN) revealed numerous fine terminals immediately surrounding the principal neurons and in the interneuronal spaces. Varicosities immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) appear to be associated with principal neurons. Additional varicosities stained for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thus indicating sites of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis. This study revealed that the IMG contains uterine-related neurons and that some of the retrogradely labeled uterine-related neurons contain NPY, TH or both NPY/TH. In addition, uterine-related neurons received abundant afferent inputs indicated by SYN-immunoreactive (-ir) terminals and some of these varicosities labeled for GAL, CGRP, VIP, ENK, or NADPH-d/NOS.
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PMID:Identification of uterine-related sympathetic neurons in the rat inferior mesenteric ganglion: neurotransmitter content and afferent input. 881 65

We have purified membrane-bound fatty acid (omega-1-omega-3) hydroxylase of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum MT-811 and found that the activity depends on a single polypeptide with an apparent M(r) value of 118,000. The purified hydroxylase exhibited spectral characteristics of cytochrome P450 (P450), and could catalyze the hydroxylation without the aid of any other proteinaceous components, such as NADPH-P450 reductase. These properties of the fungal hydroxylase are the same as those of bacterial P450BM3 of Bacillus megaterium, a catalytically self-sufficient fused protein of P450 and its reductase. Other properties of the two enzymes, such as molecular weight, high catalytic turnover, and the regiospecificity of the hydroxylating position, were also almost identical. Further, the fungal hydroxylase reacted with the antibody to P450BM3. It was thus shown that the fungal fatty acid hydroxylase reacted with the antibody to P450BM3. It was thus shown that the fungal fatty acid hydroxylase structurally and functionally bears a close resemblance to P450BM3, although it is membrane-bound, unlike the bacterial counterpart. On the other hand, a unique phenomenon was found with the fungal hydroxylase: its NADPH-cytochrome c- or NADPH-menadione reductase activity was enhanced enormously upon binding of its substrate (fatty acid). This appears to be the first instance in which the reactivity of P450 reductase against an artificial electron acceptor was enhanced by the binding of the substrate (to be hydroxylated) to P450. These results raise interesting questions about the molecular evolution of P450. Here we term the fungal hydroxylase cytochrome P450foxy.
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PMID:Cytochrome P450foxy, a catalytically self-sufficient fatty acid hydroxylase of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. 883 36

Combined nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunocytochemistry were used to study the distribution of NOS- and VIP-containing nerve elements in the feline pylorus. A large number of stained multipolar neurons was found in the myenteric plexus. However, some NADPH-d and NOS positive neurons were also observed in the submucous plexus and in the internal part of muscular layer. A few stained perikarya were found in the tunica mucosa, in a very close situation to the blood vessels. A large number of thin varicose fibres, with intense reaction for all markers were seen around or in close contact with the unstained perikarya to the blood vessels and some of them around the pyloric glands. The density of NOS and NADPH-d positive nerve elements was much higher than that of VIP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve elements. Our results suggest that nitric oxide (NO) might act as a regulatory neurotransmitter of the pyloric sphincter, blood flow and secretion in this region.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve elements in the pylorus of the cat. 884 6

Short axon (SA) cells in the olfactory bulb are subdivided into six types after Golgi impregnation, although their functional significance is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the golden hamster olfactory bulb by immunohistochemistry to localize neurotransmitters, neuron-specific marker, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the SA cells. Enzyme histochemical staining was also performed to detect the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase, which is identified with NOS. In the main olfactory bulb (MOB), neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells were detected in the glomerular layer (GL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive SA cells in the external plexiform layer (EPL), and NPY-, somatostatin (SOM)-, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells in the granule cell layer (GCL). In the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), VIP- and PGP 9.5-positive SA cells were detected in the mitral/tufted cell layer (MTL), and NPY-, SOM-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells in the GCL. The common presence of NPY- SOM-, VIP-, PGP 9.5-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells in both the MOB and the AOB may suggest that respective types of cells with the same immunoreactivity play the same role no matter where these cells are located in the MOB or the AOB.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical characteristics of short axon cells in the olfactory bulb of the golden hamster. 889 91

Formation of enzymatically active [NiFe] hydrogenases is dependent on a number of posttranslational steps, including metal attachment to a precursor of the catalytic subunit, truncation of a small C-terminal peptide from the precursor, and oligomerisation of the subunits. Two amino acid replacements were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis at the C-terminal proteolytic cleavage site of HoxH, the Ni-containing subunit of the cytoplasmic NAD-reducing hydrogenase of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Replacement of Ala465, the first residue of the 24-amino-acid cleaved polypeptide, by Pro yielded a form of HoxH that was blocked in C-terminal proteolysis. This HoxH subunit, although capable of binding Ni, was blocked in formation of a stable tetrameric holoenzyme. In the second mutant, the C-terminal extension of HoxH was eliminated by substituting the Ala codon for a translational stop codon. Although this mutant subunit was able to form the oligomeric holoenzyme, it was devoid of Ni. Both mutant proteins contained only traces of H2-activating functions. H2-dependent reduction of NAD and benzylviologen, and D2/H+-exchange activity were almost completely abolished, while the NADH oxidoreductase activity, mediated by the diaphorase moiety of the hydrogenase, was retained. These results allow the following conclusions: the C-terminal extension of HoxH is neccessary to direct specific Ni insertion into the hydrogenase; subunit assembly to the holoenzyme is not dependent on Ni insertion; and a precursor with the C-terminal peptide is not competent for assembly.
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PMID:C-terminal extension of the H2-activating subunit, HoxH, directs maturation of the NAD-reducing hydrogenase in Alcaligenes eutrophus. 915 77

A primary neurogenic component is often being postulated to be responsible for unfavourable postoperative results of bladder growth and continence in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. On the other hand, we have seen favourable clinical situations and urodynamic follow-up after primary reconstruction employing the 'Erlangen technique' without evidence of primary dysinnervation. Since there are only few data available on this issue, we decided to apply immunocytochemistry and histochemistry for neuronal markers as a further step to elucidate this problem. Transmural biopsies were obtained during reconstructive surgery from the bladder dome and trigone of 22 children between September 1994 and June 1995. Indirect immunocytochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) calcitonin gene-related product (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a universal marker for neuronal tissue and histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd), was performed on 14-micron cryostat sections. During the same period of time, control biopsies from 6 healthy bladders of an age-compatible group were subjected to the same examination. In addition, 19 patients were examined urodynamically after reconstruction in order to compare postoperative bladder function with the preexisting innervation pattern. No evidence of dysinnervation was found either morphologically or urodynamically in cases of isolated epispadias and classical exstrophy. Cases of exstrophies after failed reconstruction had muscular innervation deficiencies but increased sub and intraepithelial innervation. This group, according to morphological changes, also demonstrated bladder wall instability, decreased bladder compliance and absent detrusor contractions during micturition. All cloacal exstrophies had an extremely uneven innervation pattern with noticeable calibre differences of nerve fibres and bundles with simultaneously increased innervation density. Functionally these bladders were marked by small capacity and decreased compliance and absent detrusor function. All exstrophies in conjunction with an anal atresia or with a caudal regression syndrome (so-called 'transition forms') had a nearly universal pathological innervation pattern, compatible with cloacal exstrophies and had equally unfavourable functional findings. Cloacal exstrophies and 'transition forms' seemed to have primarily a completely different pattern of innervation when compared to normal bladders. Prognosis of bladder function in these children remains unclear.
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PMID:Comparison of preoperative innervation pattern and postreconstructive urodynamics in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. 931 17

The Fas ligand induces apoptosis in activated immunocytes that express the Fas receptor. Fas-ligand transcripts have been found previously in murine intestine but the intestinal tissues that express Fas ligand have not been identified. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of the Fas ligand in the enteric nervous system of rats, mice, guinea-pigs, ferrets and humans. Fas-ligand immunoreactivity was detectable in enteric nerve fibres and neurons in all species tested, representing 25%-50% of the neurons in rats, mice and guinea-pigs. An antigen of approximately 48 kDa was detected by Western blot analysis with Fas-ligand antiserum in the dissected enteric plexuses of duodenum from a C3H/HeJ mouse. In gld mice that harbour a Fas-ligand mutation, Fas-ligand immunoreactivity was slightly more intense in neurons and fibres and was also apparent in submucosal lymphocytes. In the myenteric plexuses of guinea-pig ileum and human colon, Fas-ligand immunoreactivity was not contained in neurons exhibiting nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity. In the submucosal plexus of guinea-pig ileum, labelled neurons included some neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons but none with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. We conclude that the Fas ligand is expressed by a large subset of enteric neurons and may provide the basis for cytotoxic neuroimmune interactions in the intestines.
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PMID:Immunoreactivity for the Fas ligand in the mammalian enteric nervous system. 937 38

Ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase are the two last partners of the photosynthetic electron-transfer chain, responsible for the final reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. Herein, we report the engineering and characterization of a novel protein molecule in which the electron-carrier protein (ferredoxin I) and the reductase (a flavoprotein) were covalently linked in a single polypeptide chain by gene fusion. The gene was obtained by joining the cDNAs encoding the respective proteins and subsequently by deleting the intervening sequence between them by site-directed mutagenesis. No extra amino acid residues were introduced between the C-terminus of ferredoxin I and the N-terminus of the flavoenzyme. The chimera was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The M(r) of the chimera apoprotein was 45,800 as determined by mass spectrometry, in agreement with the expected value of 45,846. Both flavin and iron-sulfur cluster were in 1:1 ratio with respect to the apoprotein. The chimera was found active as a diaphorase and, more interestingly, highly efficient as a cytochrome c reductase, without need for free ferredoxin addition in the assay medium. Several lines of evidence indicate that the ferredoxin and the reductase in the chimera assume a configuration quite similar to that in the dissociable physiological complex. Thus, the fusion protein could be a useful tool for studying the mechanism of protein-protein recognition and electron transfer in the ferredoxin-ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase system.
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PMID:A three-domain iron-sulfur flavoprotein obtained through gene fusion of ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from spinach leaves. 939 97

The distribution and origin of cerebrovascular nitrergic nerves were studied immunohistochemically and histochemically in the bent-winged bat. The supply of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive (IR) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive nerves to the bat major cerebral arteries differs from the general mammalian pattern in that it is preferential for the vertebrobasilar system (VBS) as opposed to the internal carotid system. Interestingly, a few nerve cells with bright NOS immunofluorescence and intense NADPHd activity were localized in the walls of the vertebral artery (VA) and basilar artery (BA) from many individual bats. Cerebral perivascular NOS-IR nerves were generally immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). NOS-IR neurons intrinsic to the BA and VA expressed variable degrees of VIP immunoreactivity and showed no acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Most cell bodies of the microganglia (MG) in the carotid canal and tympanic cavity, and those of the cranial and cervical facial ganglia, showed both NOS and VIP immunoreactivities and were stained intensely for NADPHd. From these and other findings, it is suggested that, in the bent-winged bat at least, the BA and VA of the cerebral arterial tree are frequently dually innervated by two neurochemically defined nitrergic neurons, the cranial parasympathetic VIP-IR and AChE-positive neurons, which are derived mainly from the MG via the internal carotid artery, and the intrinsic neurons, either IR or immunonegative for VIP but negative for AChE, which form an outflow tract from some caudally located ganglia projecting to the VBS via the VA.
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PMID:Nitrergic innervation of the cerebral arterial tree in the bent-winged bat (mammalia: Microchiroptera). 945 98


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