Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase are colocalized within a small population of medium aspiny neurons in the caudate-putamen of the rat. The extent of colocalization, however, appears to be in dispute. In order to examine the question of colocalization between these three neuroactive substances, a series of double-labelling experiments was performed. This was accomplished by combining immunocytochemistry for somatostatin or neuropeptide Y or enzyme histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase with in situ hybridization for somatostatin and/or neuropeptide Y mRNA. The results of such analysis indicate that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase and somatostatin mRNA are 100% colocalized throughout the caudate-putamen, except for the area bordering the globus pallidus. All neurons that contain neuropeptide Y contain somatostatin message. Only 84% of the neurons that contain somatostatin mRNA, however, also contain neuropeptide Y. Neurons that contain somatostatin 28 but not neuropeptide Y are found throughout the caudate-putamen. These results indicate that the somatostatin neuron population in the rat caudate-putamen is not homogeneous. Instead, the medium aspiny neuron population is actually composed of several subpopulations based on the content of neuroactive substances.
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PMID:Colocalization of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and NADPH-diaphorase in the caudate-putamen of the rat. 772 80

Putative nitric oxide-containing neurons in the rat amygdala were studied using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase histochemistry. All nuclei of the amygdala contained subpopulations of diaphorase-positive neurons, but the staining intensity of different subpopulations varied. Intensely stained neurons exhibited labeling of the cell body and the entire dendritic arborization. The lateral nucleus had the greatest concentration of intensely labeled cells. Many intensely labeled neurons were located along nuclear boundaries and fiber bundles. In addition to neuronal staining, there was a differential staining of the neuropil in different amygdaloid nuclei. In the basolateral and cortical nuclei the diaphorase-positive cells were non-pyramidal neurons that resembled those containing somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. The distribution and neuronal morphology of labeled neurons in the central nucleus and anterior amygdaloid area suggests that diaphorase-positive cells in these areas may be cholinergic. Recent studies have shown that the enzyme responsible for neuronal diaphorase activity is actually the synthetic enzyme for the newly discovered neurotransmitter nitric oxide. Since there is evidence that nitric oxide plays an important role in excitotoxic neuronal degeneration, the neurons identified in the present study may be involved in degenerative diseases of the amygdala.
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PMID:Identification of putative nitric oxide producing neurons in the rat amygdala using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. 809 45

Short axon (SA) cells in the olfactory bulb are subdivided into six types after Golgi impregnation, although their functional significance is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the golden hamster olfactory bulb by immunohistochemistry to localize neurotransmitters, neuron-specific marker, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the SA cells. Enzyme histochemical staining was also performed to detect the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase, which is identified with NOS. In the main olfactory bulb (MOB), neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells were detected in the glomerular layer (GL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive SA cells in the external plexiform layer (EPL), and NPY-, somatostatin (SOM)-, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells in the granule cell layer (GCL). In the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), VIP- and PGP 9.5-positive SA cells were detected in the mitral/tufted cell layer (MTL), and NPY-, SOM-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells in the GCL. The common presence of NPY- SOM-, VIP-, PGP 9.5-, NOS-, and NADPH-diaphorase-positive SA cells in both the MOB and the AOB may suggest that respective types of cells with the same immunoreactivity play the same role no matter where these cells are located in the MOB or the AOB.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical characteristics of short axon cells in the olfactory bulb of the golden hamster. 889 91

Nitric oxide synthase is co-localized with somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in a subpopulation of striatal interneurons that stain selectively for NADPH-diaphorase. We studied the ontogeny of diaphorase-positive neurons in striatal serum-free cultures derived from 15-16-day-old CD1 mice. NADPH-diaphorase staining was detected as early as embryological day 18 in vivo and day 5 in vitro. Over the next seven days the number of neurons staining for NADPH-diaphorase increased rapidly and then levelled off at about 0.5-1% of the total neuronal population both in vivo and in vitro. The cultured diaphorase neurons were also similar to their in vivo counterparts in terms of morphology and dendritic branching. Striatal neurons expressing NADPH-diaphorase exhibit similar ontogeny, morphology and neurochemical characteristics in vivo and in serum-free primary neuronal cultures. The culture system may represent a useful model for studying this important subgroup of striatal neurons.
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PMID:The ontogeny of NADPH-diaphorase neurons in serum-free striatal cultures parallels in vivo development. 914 14

Nitric oxide synthase is co-localized with somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in a subpopulation of striatal interneurons that stain selectively for NADPH-diaphorase. We studied the ontogeny of diaphorase-positive neurons in striatal serum-free cultures derived from 15-16-day-old CD1 mice. NADPH-diaphorase staining was detected as early as embryological day 18 in vivo and day 5 in vitro. Over the next seven days the number of neurons staining for NADPH-diaphorase increased rapidly and then levelled off at about 0.5-1% of the total neuronal population both in vivo and in vitro. The cultured diaphorase neurons were also similar to their in vivo counterparts in terms of morphology and dendritic branching. Striatal neurons expressing NADPH-diaphorase exhibit similar ontogeny, morphology and neurochemical characteristics in vivo and in serum-free primary neuronal cultures. The culture system may represent a useful model for studying this important subgroup of striatal neurons.
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PMID:The ontogeny of NADPH-diaphorase neurons in serum-free striatal cultures parallels in vivo development. 902 80

Nitric oxide has been postulated as a retrograde intercellular messenger for long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity that is associated with learning and memory processes. In the present study we investigated whether the loss or survival of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase-containing neurons, which are known to synthesize nitric oxide, would be an useful indicator for evaluating the structural and functional state of the rat hippocampus after status epilepticus that is induced by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid. Besides NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, two other histological parameters were studied: the grade of cell damage evaluated from silver-impregnated sections, and the number of somatostatin-containing neurons in different hippocampal subfields. We found that the number of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons in the hilus and granule cell layer correlated well with spatial learning and memory performance as assessed by the Morris water-maze test. The extent of cell damage in the CA1 subfield analysed in silver-impregnated sections and the number of hilar somatostatin-containing neurons also significantly correlated with latencies in the water-maze test. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed that the number of somatostatin-containing neurons in the hilus explains about 50% of the variation in water-maze learning. These findings emphasize that although general structural preservation is of crucial importance for the function of the hippocampus also interneurons, such as somatostatin- and NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons, may play an important role during the acquisition phase and processing of information in hippocampal circuitry. Therefore, in addition to evaluating general cell damage, analysis of the cell loss that occurs in the interneuron subpopulations will be beneficial in verifying structural and functional deficits of the hippocampus after status epilepticus.
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PMID:Comparison of NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, somatostatin immunohistochemistry, and silver impregnation in detecting structural and functional impairment in experimental status epilepticus. 925 25

To reveal neurones in the cat medulla oblongata involved in carotid baroreceptor/chemoreceptor reflexes, the distribution of c-Fos oncoprotein immunoreactivity was studied following electrical stimulation of the right carotid sinus nerve. The neurochemistry of the activated neurones was investigated using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and glutamate. Nitric oxide containing neurones were identified using antiserum to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and by the histochemical localization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase. Following sinus nerve stimulation numerous c-Fos-IR cells were detected both ipsilaterally and contralaterally in the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema and throughout the ventrolateral medulla. Dual labelling studies revealed that 3.3% of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus tractus solitarii were also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. The double labelled cells were scattered within the medial and ventrolateral subnuclei, predominantly rostral to obex. A higher proportion (10.3%) of c-Fos-IR cells in the ventrolateral medulla also showed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Caudal to obex, these were scattered in the reticular formation between the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus, while more rostrally they were found within the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus and the lateral tegmental field. Cells expressing c-fos and reactive for glutamate, neuropeptide Y or NADPH-diaphorase (or NOS) were only rarely seen, and co-localization of c-Fos and somatostatin immunoreactivities was not seen. These results suggest that of the neurones forming pathways within the medulla activated on carotid sinus nerve stimulation, presumably mediating baro- and chemoreceptor reflexes, relatively few utilize catecholamines, glutamate, neuropeptide Y or nitric oxide as their transmitter substance.
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PMID:Co-localization of c-Fos and neurotransmitter immunoreactivities in the cat brain stem after carotid sinus nerve stimulation. 931 68

Recent studies dealing with the investigation of the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia of amphibians have revealed many similarities with basal ganglia structures of amniotes. In a further step, the chemoarchitecture of basal ganglia of the frog Rana perezi has been investigated. For use as main markers of amphibian basal ganglia structures, antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, and enkephalin were selected. Moreover, the distributions of nitric oxide synthase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry), calretinin, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, mesotocin, vasotocin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, neuropeptide FF, and serotonin were studied to corroborate a comparison with both basal ganglia and amygdaloid structures of amniotes. On the basis of connections and chemoarchitecture, a striatum proper, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdaloid complex have been identified. Accordingly, a new terminology is proposed that is in line with our current understanding of basal ganglia organization in amphibians.
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PMID:Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: chemoarchitecture. 951 19

The coexistence of S100beta with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined in the glossopharyngeal and vagal sensory ganglia. S100beta immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia frequently colocalized CGRP- or SP-ir, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion infrequently contained CGRP- or SP-ir. No S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and petrosal ganglia showed SOM-ir while the small number of SOM-ir neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir. Many neurons in the nodose ganglion colocalized S100beta-ir and NADPH-d activity, whereas S100beta-ir neurons in the jugular and nodose ganglia infrequently contained NADPH-d activity. S100beta- and TH-ir were frequently colocalized in nodose ganglion but not in petrosal or jugular ganglion neurons. These findings suggest relationships between S100beta and specific putative transmitters in functions of subpopulations of vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of s100beta and putative transmitter agents in vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons of the rat. 968 88

The aim of the present study was to analyze the neurochemical properties of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of the quail using an immunohistochemical approach by testing 16 neuropeptides (angiotensin: ANG, bradykinin: BK, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, L and M-enkephalin, beta-endorphin: beta-END, galanin, alpha-neoendorphin, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ocytocin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and three neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase: ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase: TH, serotonin: 5-HT and nitric oxide synthase: NOS, including the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase technique). For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure). The results showed that none of the centrifugal neurons were reactive to any of the substances tested. In contrast, all with the exception of ANG, BK and beta-END, labeled fibers and terminals within the EA and only four (ChAT, 5-HT, NPY and NOS) within the NIO. Possible sources of these immunoreactive fibers terminating in the NIO and EA were investigated by mapping the somatic immunolabeling of the different substances within brainstem regions previously shown by Miceli and other authors to project upon the centrifugal neurons. The data suggests that, besides the rapid retino-tecto-NIO-retinal loop, which facilitates the transfer of meaningful or more relevant information within particular portions of the visual field, the multiple afferent input which stems from various brainstem regions utilizes a wide range of neuroactive substances. Some of these afferent projections upon the centrifugal neurons appear to belong to nonspecific systems which might play a role in modulating the excitability of centrifugal neurons as a function of arousal.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of putative neuromodulators and transmitters in the centrifugal visual system of the quail (Coturnix japonica). 971 61


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