Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of the enzyme NADPH-diaphorase in the rat basal forebrain was examined in relation to the neuropeptide galanin and the neurotransmitter synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Immunoperoxidase staining permitted camera lucida mapping of galanin and choline acetyltransferase distributions in serial sections through the basal forebrain for comparison with adjacent sections prepared for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Photographs of sections subjected to indirect immunofluorescence for galanin and choline acetyltransferase were compared to photographs of the same sections taken after NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. This permitted the direct investigation of co-localization within the cholinergic basal forebrain. The distributions of choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-immunoreactive neurons in the basal forebrain agreed with previous descriptions. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry selectively stained a population of magnocellular basal forebrain neurons with a distribution similar to that observed with galanin immunohistochemistry. Double and triple staining experiments indicated that NADPH-diaphorase labels a majority of the magnocellular cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and diagonal band nuclei. Most of these neurons also contain galanin immunoreactivity. However, small populations of galanin-positive/diaphorase-negative or diaphorase-positive/galanin-negative cholinergic neurons were also observed. In the more caudal portions of the cholinergic basal forebrain, very few galanin or NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons were observed. Thus, galanin and NADPH-diaphorase coexist in the majority of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in the regions innervating limbic structures. The neocortically projecting cholinergic cells in the caudal basal forebrain appear to lack these other neurochemical markers.
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PMID:Galanin and NADPH-diaphorase coexistence in cholinergic neurons of the rat basal forebrain. 171 7

The distribution of galanin was investigated at the light microscopic level in the human distal colon using immunocytochemical techniques. Galanin-like immunoreactivity was seen in nerve cell bodies in ganglia of the myenteric and submucous plexuses and in nerve fibres innervating all the muscle layers of the colon, the lamina propria, and epithelial cells at the base of crypts or lining the colonic lumen. Immunoreactivity was more intense in the circular muscle than in the longitudinal muscle or the muscularis mucosae. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were much scarcer in the myenteric than in the submucous plexus. Within subdivisions of the submucous plexus, galanin-like immunoreactivity was heterogeneously distributed. In Henle's plexus and Meissner's plexus 82-83% of galanin-positive cell bodies were up to 360 microns 2 in profile-area, but in the intermediate plexus nearly all (99.8%) were below 360 microns 2. The frequency-distribution of cell body area of galanin-containing nerve cell bodies was similar for Henle's plexus and Meissner's plexus but these two plexuses contain different size-populations of neurons when stained for NADH-diaphorase activity. Galanin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the plexus entericus (submucosus) extremus, and this is the first report of neuropeptide in this location.
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PMID:Galanin-like immunoreactivity in enteric neurons of the human colon. 248 38

These experiments were designed to examine the distribution of galanin-like peptide immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) in bullfrog sympathetic preganglionic neurons and to identify the peripheral target organs affected by these neurons. Cells expressing GAL-IR were observed in the intermediolateral column of segments 7 and 8 only. Apparent GAL-IR innervation is present, but rare, in sympathetic chain ganglia. Double-labelling with retrogradely transported fast blue and galanin antiserum demonstrated that most GAL-IR neurons project via splanchnic nerves to innervate the adrenal gland, which receives a dense plexus of GAL-IR fibers surrounding chromaffin cells. The adrenal gland is also innervated by preganglionic neurons in segments 5 and 6 that do not express GAL-IR. Because nitric oxide is expressed in sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in mammals (Anderson, C.R., Neurosci. Lett., 139 (1992) 280), we examined whether it is expressed in bullfrog preganglionic neurons. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive neurons are present in bullfrog spinal grey at segments 5 through 8. These neurons were not double-labelled with fast blue retrogradely transported from the sympathetic chain, celiac ganglion, or adrenal gland; nor were they double-labelled with GAL-antiserum. Thus nitric oxide is apparently not expressed in bullfrog sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
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PMID:Segmental restriction and target specificity of bullfrog preganglionic neurons that exhibit galanin-like immunoreactivity. 750 58

The architecture and neurochemistry of the enteric nervous system was studied by use of whole-mount preparations obtained by microdissection of the horse jejunum. A myenteric plexus and two plexuses within the submucosa were identified. The external submucosal plexus lying in the outermost region of the submucosa had both neural and vascular connections with the inner submucosal plexus situated closer to the mucosa. Counts of neurones stained for NADH-diaphorase demonstrated the wide variation in size, shape and neurone content of individual ganglia in both the external and internal submucosal plexuses. The average number of cells/ganglion was similar in each plexus (about 25 cells). Immunoreactivities for galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y were observed in nerve cell bodies and fibres of each of the plexuses. Immunoreactivity for substance P was extensive and strong in nerve fibres of all plexuses but was weaker in cell bodies of the submucosal neurones and absent in the cell bodies of the myenteric plexus. Comparative quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cell populations with total cell numbers (enzyme staining) was indicative of neuropeptide colocalization in the external submucosal plexus.
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PMID:Structural organization and neuropeptide distributions in the equine enteric nervous system: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mount preparations from the small intestine. 752 Mar 62

The distribution, colocalisation, and interconnections of nitrinergic and peptidergic neurons and nerves in the human oesophagus were examined. Cryosections of surgically resected tissues from eight subjects were studied with indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of 11 neuropeptides and neuron specific enolase. After immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide synthase was shown on the same sections with the beta nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemical reaction. The histochemical findings were verified immunohistochemically on other sections with an antiserum against nitric oxide synthase. Most myenteric neurons (55%) were nitrinergic. Most (96%) received terminations positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) (80%), and galanin (59%). The neuronal somata of 14% also contained VIP, while 10% had galanin. Of the NADPH-diaphorase containing fibers seen in the muscle layers, many had closely associated VIP and galanin, but only rarely CGRP and substance P. Thus, despite abundant representation of both peptidergic and nitrinergic systems in oesophageal smooth muscle, only VIP and galanin colocalised to any significant extent with the nitrinergic elements. These findings provide morphological support for the role of nitric oxide as the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory mediator in the human oesophagus and for its possible interactive role with the peptidergic system.
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PMID:Nitrinergic and peptidergic innervation of the human oesophagus. 753 Feb 28

The presence and topographical distribution of nitrergic neurons in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the pig small intestine have been investigated by means of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. Both techniques yielded similar results, thus confirming that within the pig ENS the neuronal isoform of NOS corresponds to NADPHd. Intrinsic nitrergic neurons were not confined to the myenteric plexus; considerable numbers were also present in the outer submucous plexus. In the inner submucous plexus, NOS immunoreactivity or NADPHd staining was restricted to a few nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies. The nitrergic neurons displayed a wide variety in size and shape, but could all be characterized as being multidendritic uniaxonal. Nerve lesion experiments showed that the majority of the myenteric nitrergic neurons project in an anal direction. Evidence is at hand to show that a substantial proportion of these neurons contribute to the dense nitrergic innervation of the tertiary plexus and the circular smooth muscle layer. Some of the nitrergic neurons of the outer submucous plexus were equally found to send their axons towards the circular muscle layer. In some of the nitrergic enteric neurons, VIP, neuropeptide Y, galanin or protein 10 occurred colocalized, but not calbindin or serotonin. The present findings provide morphological evidence for the presence of NOS in a proportion of the enteric neurons in the small intestine of a large omnivorous mammal, i.e. the pig. The topographical features of the staining patterns of NOS and NADPHd are in accord with the results of neuropharmacological studies and argue for the existence of distinct nitrergic subpopulations acting either as interneurons or as motor neurons.
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PMID:Distribution pattern, neurochemical features and projections of nitrergic neurons in the pig small intestine. 753 Apr 11

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare disorder with narrowed esophageal lumen that presents as dysphagia from childhood and that is often associated with tracheobronchial remnants or webs. The pathogenesis of CES is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the histological and immunohistochemical features of CES. Esophagi from 2 young adults with CES and 3 controls with no motility disorders underwent routine H&E staining, trichrome staining for collagen, and detailed immunocytochemical studies for general neuronal markers (protein gene product 9.5, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100) and neurotransmitters (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, and galanin) and nitric oxide synthase by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase and a specific NO synthase antibody. Quantitative experiments compared the numbers of myenteric neurons and amounts of fibers at the circular muscle. CES esophagi showed infiltration of neutrophils in the myenteric plane, without any increase in collagen. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry showed a significant reduction of myenteric nitrinergic neurons (7 +/- 3.4 vs. 2.7 +/- 1.8 neurons per high-power field) and fibers at the circular muscle. Other peptidergic neurons studied were not significantly reduced in CES. The specific total lack of NO inhibitory innervation may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of stenosis and aperistalsis of the esophagus in this disorder.
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PMID:Peptidergic and nitrinergic denervation in congenital esophageal stenosis. 754 Oct

Nitric-oxide-releasing nerves regulate esophageal smooth muscle function. The density of such nerve fibers may differ in the different functional parts of the esophagus. We used both inspection and gray-scale analysis of digitized images to seek differences in density of such nerve fibers, stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase), between esophageal body and esophago-gastric sphincter and between smooth muscle layers in the opossum esophagus. Sections of Swiss roll preparations of the entire organ were stained for NADPH-diaphorase and for immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS). In the circular muscle layer, NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers were most abundant at the cephalic end of the esophageal body with a significant decline toward and through the esophago-gastric sphincter. In the longitudinal muscle layer and the longitudinally-oriented muscularis mucosae, NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were most abundant at the esophago-gastric sphincter with a significant decline toward and through the striated-smooth muscle junction. cNOS immunoreactivity co-localized with NADPH-diaphorase activity. Fibers stained for CGRP immunoreactivity were distributed like the NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers. Fibers stained for immunoreactivity to the other peptides (VIP, GAL, SP) showed no clear differences in distribution along the esophagus in any of the muscle layers.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers in smooth muscle layers of opossum esophagus: gradients in density. 754 93

The rat uterus is innervated by sensory and autonomic nerves. Sensory and sympathetic fibers travel in the hypogastric nerves and are associated with the thoracolumbar spinal cord levels T13-L3. The inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) contains the somata of sympathetic postganglionic neurons and some of these may project axons to the uterus. Sensory and parasympathetic fibers travel in the pelvic nerve and are associated with the lumbosacral cord levels L6-S1 and pelvic ganglion (PG). We previously reported data concerning the neurochemical anatomy of the PG with regard to the uterine innervation; the present study was undertaken to characterize the neurochemical anatomy of the IMG with regard to it involvement in uterine innervation. A retrograde axonal tracer was used to verify projections of axons of IMG neurons to the uterus. Immunostaining of cryostat sections of the IMG revealed neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunostaining for the synaptic terminal protein synapsin I (SYN) revealed numerous fine terminals immediately surrounding the principal neurons and in the interneuronal spaces. Varicosities immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) appear to be associated with principal neurons. Additional varicosities stained for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thus indicating sites of neuronal nitric oxide synthesis. This study revealed that the IMG contains uterine-related neurons and that some of the retrogradely labeled uterine-related neurons contain NPY, TH or both NPY/TH. In addition, uterine-related neurons received abundant afferent inputs indicated by SYN-immunoreactive (-ir) terminals and some of these varicosities labeled for GAL, CGRP, VIP, ENK, or NADPH-d/NOS.
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PMID:Identification of uterine-related sympathetic neurons in the rat inferior mesenteric ganglion: neurotransmitter content and afferent input. 881 65

The aim of the present study was to analyze the neurochemical properties of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of the quail using an immunohistochemical approach by testing 16 neuropeptides (angiotensin: ANG, bradykinin: BK, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, L and M-enkephalin, beta-endorphin: beta-END, galanin, alpha-neoendorphin, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ocytocin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and three neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase: ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase: TH, serotonin: 5-HT and nitric oxide synthase: NOS, including the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase technique). For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure). The results showed that none of the centrifugal neurons were reactive to any of the substances tested. In contrast, all with the exception of ANG, BK and beta-END, labeled fibers and terminals within the EA and only four (ChAT, 5-HT, NPY and NOS) within the NIO. Possible sources of these immunoreactive fibers terminating in the NIO and EA were investigated by mapping the somatic immunolabeling of the different substances within brainstem regions previously shown by Miceli and other authors to project upon the centrifugal neurons. The data suggests that, besides the rapid retino-tecto-NIO-retinal loop, which facilitates the transfer of meaningful or more relevant information within particular portions of the visual field, the multiple afferent input which stems from various brainstem regions utilizes a wide range of neuroactive substances. Some of these afferent projections upon the centrifugal neurons appear to belong to nonspecific systems which might play a role in modulating the excitability of centrifugal neurons as a function of arousal.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of putative neuromodulators and transmitters in the centrifugal visual system of the quail (Coturnix japonica). 971 61


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