Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium chloride, a redox indicator, by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase produces in frozen tissue sections an intense blue cytoplasmic pigment. The activity of this enzyme has been shown to subside immediately upon cell death. Twelve patients with port-wine stains were treated with an argon laser. Frozen tissue sections from biopsy specimens obtained before and 10 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours after laser application were processed for nitroblue tetrazolium chloride staining. In normal skin all epidermal and dermal cells displayed dense cytoplasmic blue granular pigment that spared the nuclei. In port-wine stains the laser-induced coagulation necrosis was first seen as an arc-shaped, sharply demarcated, unstained, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride-negative area. Initiation of epidermal repair could be observed in all 48-hour sections. The nitroblue tetrazolium chloride method, when compared with hematoxylin and eosin staining, allowed an easier and more accurate definition of laser injury because of the color difference between damaged and normal tissue.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical analysis of cell viability after argon laser-induced coagulation necrosis of the skin. 181 Sep 98

The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity was studied histochemically in the sensory ganglia of the rat. Supraspinally, the trigeminal ganglion possessed only a few cells positively stained for NADPH-diaphorase, while a large number of positive neurons was found in the nodose ganglion. In the dorsal root ganglia, the distribution of positive cells showed a peculiar pattern in relation to spinal levels. Very minor populations (less than 2% of the total ganglionic cells) exhibited positive reaction in ganglia at levels ranging from the first cervical (C1) to fourth thoracic (T4) and from the second lumber (L2) through the entire sacral levels. In the middle to lower thoracic levels (from T5 to L1), however, abundant diaphorase-positive cells were observed. From these positive neurons it was possible to trace intensely stained nerve fibers. In the lower thoracic level, for example, dense positive fibers were seen in the ramus communicans. Retrograde tracing studies revealed that diaphorase-containing neurons in the lower thoracic level project at least partly to the gastric wall and the celiac ganglion. These results indicate that the diaphorase-positive ganglionic neurons in the thoracicolumbar levels may carry autonomic visceral afferent information. Double staining with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and peptide immunohistochemistry revealed that NADPH-diaphorase colocalizes with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in many of these visceral afferent neurons.
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PMID:Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat. 186 99

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase enzymatic activities was mapped histochemically in the dorsal thalamus of the rabbit. A comparison of the resulting patterns helped in the histochemical delimitation of a number of nuclei, as well as in the detection of some subdivisions, that showed differential expression of these enzymes. It was observed that AChE and NADH diaphorase tend to appear in a complementary fashion in many dorsal thalamic neuropiles, so that intense activity of the one was accompanied by low activity of the other. However, coincident expression of both enzymes was also obtained in a small number of areas. The correlation of these patterns with other chemo-architectonic and hodologic data does not yet disclose an explanation of these regularities, which however suggest some functional significance.
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PMID:Comparative mapping of acetylcholinesterase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase in the rabbit dorsal thalamus. 186 63

Two photoaffinity analogues of NAD+, (A)-2-azido-NAD+ [nicotinamide 2-azidoadenine dinucleotide] and (A)-8-azido-NAD+ [nicotinamide 8-azidoadenine dinucleotide], have been synthesized, and their reactivities with the rat liver NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase have been investigated. The reduce nicotinamide nucleotide probes, (A)-2-azido-NADH and (A)-8-azido-NADH, were shown to be substrates of the quinone reductase. This enzyme was inhibited by (A)-8-azido-NADH, were shown to be substrates of the quinone reductase. This enzyme was inhibited by (A)-2-azido-NAD+ and (A)-8-azido-NAD+ in a photodependent manner, and the inhibition of the enzyme could be prevented by the presence of nicotinamide nucleotide substrates during photolysis. (A)-2-Azido-NAD+ was demonstrated to be a more potent inhibitor than (A)-8-azido-NAD+. In addition, the photodependent inhibition by (A)-8-azido-NAD+ increased when menadione, the substrate of the enzyme, was present during the photolysis, while menadione protected the enzyme from the photodependent inhibition by (A)-2-azido-NAD+. These results indicate that these two NAD+ analogues can be used to identify the nicotinamide nucleotide binding site of this quinone reductase and that they probably bind to the enzyme in different fashions.
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PMID:Photodependent inhibition of rat liver NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase by (A)-2-azido-NAD+ and (A)-8-azido-NAD. 190 47

We have examined the distribution and size of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase reactivity in adult and developing cat retinae. From late gestation E (embryonic day) 58 to adulthood, NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was detected in amacrine cells with somata located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) and in processes spreading in the middle strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Reactivity was also present in small rounded profiles located in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and thought to be cone pedicles. The number of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells present in adult retinae was about 40,000, 75% of these somata were located in the GCL, the remainder in the INL. At birth, however, there was more than double this number of labelled somata (85,000), the total gradually declining to reach adult values by P (postnatal day) 25. This loss of NADPH-diaphorase reactive somata may be partly explained by natural cell death (apoptosis) or by loss of the active diaphorase from the cells. The density distributions of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells in the INL and GCL of retinal wholemounts reached maxima in regions slightly inferior to the area centralis at all ages studied. The principal topographical difference between adult and developing retinae was that the density gradient of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells was steeper in adults than at younger ages. During early development, the somal and dendritic field diameters of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells at the area centralis were about the same size as those in the periphery; by adulthood, cells in the periphery were larger. The change in the somal diameter gradient apparently emerged because of a reduction in somal size of the centrally located cells. The change in the dendritic diameter gradient emerged because of a greater growth of peripheral cells as compared to central cells. We suggest that NADPH-diaphorase may have a role in the formation of synapses in the developing IPL.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in adult and developing cat retinae. 193 34

Haemonchus contortus, incubated in 10 micrograms/ml and 50 micrograms/ml concentrations of Nilzan and albendazole in Tyrode solution were stained for histoenzymatic demonstration of various phosphatases, oxido-reductases and esterases. The intestine showed major alterations after drug treatments. The alkaline phosphatases (AkPase), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase showed a decreased activity in intestine after Nilzan treatment, whereas lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and monoamine oxidase resisted increased reaction. The albendazole treatment resulted in altered distribution pattern of the AkPase, ATPase, SDH, and GDH; while LDH, G-6-PD, and non-specific esterases exhibited slightly enhanced activity in the epithelium. The functional significance of these changes has been fully discussed.
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PMID:Effect of Nilzan and albendazole on the absorptive surfaces of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda)--a histoenzymic study. 196 79

Reduction of several nitroso-compounds by purified DT-diaphorase from rat liver cytosol was investigated. Among nitroso-compounds tested, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol and p-nitrosophenol were reduced in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) at rates much faster than that of nitrosobenzene. On the contrary, none of the N-nitroso-compounds tested was reduced by this enzyme. Experiments on the identification of reduction products and on the inhibition with dicoumarol and the antiserum indicated that DT-diaphorase catalyzes 4-electron reduction of C-nitroso-compounds and plays a major role in the reduction of these compounds by rat liver cytosol.
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PMID:Rat liver DT-diaphorase as a nitroso-reductase. 211 41

We have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 microns) located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 microns) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small, round somata (mean, 5.2 microns) located in either the INL or GCL, and were without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most striking feature of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density at the foveal rim.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical distribution. 227 37

Histochemical profiles were made of identified spinal motoneurons from normal adult zebrafish and from animals subjected to cordotomy or unilateral axotomy of the motor nerves. The lesions caused an increase of the myotomal area with oxidative muscle fibers. We studied the question: do changes in the myotomal muscle configuration concur with changes in the enzyme histochemical profiles of innervating motoneurons? Based on the location and size of cell somata, two categories of motoneurons are distinguished: large white (W) motoneurons that innervate the deep fast, glycolytic muscle fibers, and smaller red and intermediate (RI) motoneurons that innervate the superficial slow oxidative and intermediate muscle fibers. In normal animals, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is high in the large W motoneurons and relatively low in the small RI motoneurons. The reverse holds for succinate dehydrogenase activity is high in the large W motoneurons and relatively low in the small RI motoneurons. The reverse holds for succinate dehydrogenase activity. W and RI motoneurons show similar nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase activity. Short- (2 weeks) and long- (8 weeks) term effects of lesions were studied. The results show that: (1) the 3 types of lesions lead to prolonged changes in the enzyme histochemical profiles of spinal motoneurons. The type of change depends on the type of lesion and on the type of motoneuron; (2) unilateral axotomy of the motor nerves affects the histochemical characteristics of spinal motoneurons and the myotomal muscle fiber type configuration on the ipsi- and contralateral side. The contralateral effects are conceived as adaptations to maintain a left-right symmetry in the motor output.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical profiles of fish spinal motoneurons after cordotomy and axotomy of motor nerves. 228 25

Age-related changes of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons were examined quantitatively in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (TLD) and the caudate-putamen of mice. Six 2-month-old and six 25- to 30-month-old DDD mice were studied using computer-assisted image analysis. Although no age-related changes in neuronal counts were found in the TLD, the cell size in this nucleus showed a statistically significant reduction with aging. In addition, the degree of the age-related neuronal shrinkage differed within the TLD; the most significant occurring in the rostral, less in the caudal third and no significant alteration being found in the middle third portion of TLD. In contrast, NADPH-d-positive neurons in the striatum did not show distinct age-related changes. NADPH-d-containing neurons in the TLD correspond to cholinergic cells, which project to the forebrain. Thus, the age-related shrinkage of NADPH-d neurons in the TLD may be related to the cholinergic dysfunctions seen in the forebrain of senescent mice.
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PMID:Effect of aging on NADPH-diaphorase neurons in laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and striatum of mice. 236 51


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