Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-seven blood enzymes and proteins, whose structures are presumably controlled by at least 33 genes, were assayed in Arctic and silver foxes by starch gel electrophoresis. Two types of protein and enzyme electrophoretic patterns were distinguished: one exhibiting a single enzyme, the other several isozymes. The two fox species were found to differ in seven of the 27 enzymes and proteins studied: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, erythrocyte carboxylesterase, diaphorase, prealbumin, transferrin, and albumin. No differences were established between the species for the other enzymes and proteins. The data are interpreted as evidence for the existance of a set of enzymes and proteins differentiating the Arctic from the silver fox.
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PMID:Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic studies on blood enzymes and proteins in arctic and silver foxes. 101 23

A comparative study of 27 enzymes and proteins in blue and silver foxes was carried out by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The structure of these enzymes and proteins is determined by about 33 genes. It is shown that a number of blood enzymes and proteins of these species is represented by a single electrophoretic form, while lactate dehydrogenase, carboanhydrase, arylesterase, carboxylesterase, diaphorase, hexokinase and tetrasolium oxidase have several forms. It is also found that these species differ in seven enzymes and proteins: diaphorase, G-6-PD, adenylate kinase, carboxylesterase, albumin, prealbumin, transferrins. Other enzymes and proteins are similar in their electrophoretic mobility. The data obtained afford the evidence that the two species (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus) differ in a set of enzymes and proteins.
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PMID:[Homologous gene expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and enzymes in Arctic and silver foxes]. 121 28

The neuron morphology and distribution of four putative transmitters were investigated in the myenteric plexus of frog (Rana esculenta) midgut. The gross morphology was revealed by NADH-diaphorase histochemistry, and the shape of the neurons by silver impregnation. Nerve cells had heterogeneous distribution: they either formed ganglia or placed as solitary neurons in the duodenum, while in the rest of the midgut only solitary neurons were observed. Three morphologically distinct cell types were revealed by silver impregnation: mainly type I and type II neurons cells were seen in the duodenum, while the rest of the intestine contained type II and III cells. Catecholamine fluorescence was revealed in nerve fibres in the duodenum, while few small nerve cells were observed in the small intestinal region. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry showed strongly reactive nerve cells that were associated with the main fibre bundles in the duodenum. Only longitudinally oriented fibres and occasionally stained neurons were seen in the small intestine. Substance P immunocytochemistry revealed an extensive plexus, which contained a moderate number of stained perikarya in the full length of the midgut. Gamma-aminobutyric acid showed non-uniform distribution in the two parts of the midgut: a stronger and more regular fibre staining was found in the duodenum then in the rest of the intestine. Ultrastructural observations demonstrated that intrinsic neurons received synaptic inputs from the profiles contained agranular vesicles, while "P"-type profiles established close contacts with neurons. Both profile types formed close contacts with the smooth muscle cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Some morphological and histochemical features of the midgut myenteric plexus of the common European frog, Rana esculenta. 137 78

The respiratory chain of a marine Vibrio alginolyticus contains two types of NADH-quinone reductase (NQR): one is an Na(+)-dependent NQR functioning as an Na+ pump (NQR-1) and the other is an Na(+)-independent NQR (NQR-2). NQR-2 was purified about 55-fold from the membrane of mutant Nap-1 which is devoid of NQR-1, and its properties were compared with those of NQR-1. In contrast to NQR-1, the purified NQR-2 does not require any salts for activity and is not inhibited by up to 0.4 M salts. The optimum pH of NQR-2 is between 6.8 and 7.8, which is about 0.7 ph units lower than that of NQR-1. NQR-2 is insensitive to strong inhibitors of NQR-1 such as p-chloromercuribenzoate, Ag+ and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. Using inverted membrane vesicles, it was confirmed that NQR-2 has no capacity to generate a membrane potential. NQR-2 reduces menadione and ubiquinone-1 by a two-electron reduction pathway. Since the NADH-reacting FAD-containing beta-subunit of NQR-1 reduces quinones by a one-electron reduction pathway, the mode of quinone reduction is closely related to energy coupling; the formation of semiquinone radicals as an intermediate is likely to be essential to functioning as an ion pump.
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PMID:Properties of respiratory chain-linked Na(+)-independent NADH-quinone reductase in a marine Vibrio alginolyticus. 154 99

The myenteric plexus of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) small intestine was studied by means of silver staining, glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence, the modified Koelle-Friedenwald method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase, NADH-diaphorase techniques and the unlabelled antibody method involving the use of an antiserum raised against GABA conjugated by glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin. The majority of the perikarya were in the ganglia, with an average density of 3370 +/- 942 nerve cells/cm2. Cholinesterase-positive and a few GABA-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were seen in the myenteric ganglia, while fluorescent ganglion cells were not observed. In addition to AChE and GABA-positive nerve fibres, a rich fluorescent network of varicose and nonvaricose nerve fibres was detected, pointing to the presence of an extrinsic aminergic system in the domestic fowl myenteric plexus. Electron microscopic observations on nerve cells, axon profiles and varicosites with various vesicle populations were in good agreement with the histochemical findings.
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PMID:Histochemical characterization of myenteric plexus in domestic fowl small intestine. 207 64

The effect of Ag+ on Na+ pumping by Na(+)-motive NADH-quinone reductase and terminal oxidase has been studied in Bacillus FTU inside-out vesicles. Very low concentrations of Ag+ (C1/2 = 1 x 10(-8) M or 2 x 10(-12) g ion.mg protein-1) are shown to inhibit the uphill Na+ uptake coupled to the oxidation of NADH by fumarate or of ascorbate + TMPD by oxygen but exert no effect on the H+ uptake by the H(+)-motive respiratory chain. Low Ag+ also induces a specific increase in the Na+ permeability of the vesicles. HQNO, added before and not after Ag+, prevents the Ag(+)-induced permeability increase, with effective HQNO concentrations being similar to those inhibiting the uphill Na(+)-uptake coupled to the NADH-fumarate oxidoreduction. Reduction of terminal oxidase by ascorbate + TMPD in the presence of cyanide sensitizes the Na+ permeability to Ag+. It is suggested that low [Ag+], known as a specific inhibitor of electron transport by the Na(+)-motive NADH-quinone reductase, uncouples the electron and Na+ transports so that the Ag(+)-modified NADH-quinone reductase operates as an Na+ channel rather than an Na+ pump. This effect is discussed in connection with the antibacterial action of Ag+.
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PMID:Submicromolar Ag+ increases passive Na+ permeability and inhibits the respiration-supported formation of Na+ gradient in Bacillus FTU vesicles. 238 16

Slow waves in the small intestine seem to arise in plexuses of neurites with interstitial cells of Cajal. In the colon, slow waves appear to arise at the circular muscle - submucosal interface. We therefore sought a plexus at this surface in the colon in the cat, dog, ferret, opossum, rabbit, rat, guinea-pig and man. Segments from all levels of the colon were stained by the Champy-Maillet osmic acid-zinc iodide method and cut into serial 25 micron sections in the plane of the muscle layers. A dense network of neurites with abundant interstitial cells of Cajal was found at the circular muscle - submucosal interface in all species except rabbit. Neurites in this plexus appeared to arise from the deep plexus of the submucosa (Schabadasch's or Henle's plexus). It was not found in the small intestine and stomach. A similar plexus was found in the interstices of the myenteric plexus in the colon. Interstitial cells of Cajal in both plexuses were positive for the NADH-diaphorase stain, but not for silver impregnation. The possible roles of the plexuses of neurites and interstitial cells of Cajal at the circular muscle - submucosal interface and at the plane of the myenteric plexus in the generation of rhythmic activity in the colon are discussed.
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PMID:Intrinsic nerves in the mammalian colon: confirmation of a plexus at the circular muscle-submucosal interface. 245 50

Plexiform areas are functionally important units of the pineal complex. The silver impregnation technique by Matsuyama (1972) reveals in the frog that nerve fibres branch and terminate in these areas and that they are presynaptic to nerve cells which are part of the plexiform areas. Histochemically, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) method according to Scherer-Singler et al. (1983) indicates that pinealocytes and nerve cells are both stained, a strong stratification of different cell types can be visualized. Plexiform areas of different size exist at the dorsal and ventral surface of the organ; the biggest are located rostrodorsally. Approximately twenty large multipolar nerve cells are localized at the ventral surface of the pineal organ mainly at the rostral and lateral borders. They send long processes mainly in caudal direction. These processes are post-synaptic to the boutons of the endfeet belonging to photosensitive pinealocytes. Processes of several multipolar nerve cells converge to one plexiform area, branch and obviously terminate there. As in horizontal cells the processes of the multipolar cells seem to be capable of both receiving and transmitting signals. On the postsynaptic side of the processes of the multipolar cells are smaller nerve cells juxtaposed to the plexiform areas. They are known as pseudounipolar, unipolar or bipolar cells (Wake et al., 1974); the latter are free of boutons of the pinealocytes, their axons forming the pineal tract. Three different types of photosensitive pinealocytes can be distinguished: a slender, a spherical and a double-cone type. Also, the number of boutons varies in the endfeet: boutons occur alone, in groups of two or three, and in clusters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The neural organization of the pineal complex in the frog: stratification and regional differences. 251 Aug 1

The myenteric plexus of the frog large intestine was studied by means of silver impregnation, NADH-diaphorase histochemistry and electron microscopy. The main fiber bundles of the myenteric plexus are situated between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers. Most of the branches of this main plexus could be followed into the circular muscle layer. The diameter of the large nerve bundles was demonstrated by impregnation to be 7-8 microns. NADH-diaphorase histochemistry revealed a random distribution of the nerve cells; the nerve cells did not form ganglia. The maximal profile of these mostly multipolar cells was 75-100 microns 2. The packing density of nerve cells was 710 +/- 23 per cm2. At the electron microscopic level, the plexus consisted of a number of unmyelinated nerve profiles, a few myelinated axons, Schwann cells and neurons. The proportion of myelinated fibers did not exceed 1%. The nerve profiles contained vesicles, small agranular vesicles or mixed vesicle populations. Synapses were extremely rare in the neuropil. The possibility and importance of non-synaptic transmitter release and presumed transmitter substances are discussed.
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PMID:Myenteric plexus of frog large intestine: light and electron microscopy of fiber system and neurons. 251 49

Two populations of neurons in the cat cerebral white matter were detected using histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity. One type was bipolar in shape with two cell processes extending in opposite directions, existed mainly in the subcortical areas and was oriented parallel to fiber bundles. The second type had 4 or 5 very long, prominent and varicose cell processes radiating in various directions. They were round or polygonal in shape and formed networks in the white matter of the frontoparietal area. NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons were also examined by the modified Golgi-Cox silver impregnation method. With this impregnation method, the same two morphological types could be detected but the detailed morphology of these particular populations of neurons was revealed much more fully by NADPH-diaphorase enzyme histochemistry than by the silver impregnation method.
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PMID:Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase-positive neurons in cat cerebral white matter. 317 18


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