Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The preparation of (R) and (S) [2(-3)H]lactate as well as (S) [2(-3)H] glutamate via the coupled exchange reaction catalyzed by NAD linked dehydrogenases and NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase (diaphorase) is described. The specific radioactivity of the hydrogen ions of the 3HOH/H2O can be obtained in the substrates (100% exchange) if equilibrium isotope effects are disregarded. By the exchange procedure substrates with higher specific radioactivity are obtained from positionally [3H]labeled racemic mixtures prepared by chemical reductions with [3H]labeled hydrides. The tritium content of one of the enantiomeres is "washed out" into water. As examples are presented the preparation of (R) [2-3H] (S) [2-H]malate as well as the corresponding carnitine, glutamate and (R) and (S) lactate.
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PMID:Biochemical synthesis of stereospecifically hydrogen labeled compounds on a preparative scale, VI1-3 Synthesis of further substrates of NAD(P)-linked dehydrogenases of high specific tritium content. 12 62

Development of tumours of the urinarY bladder was studied in 59 Male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats with combined enzyme-histochemical and autoradiographic methods after oral application of n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) and n-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT). as the first carcinogenic lesion detectable by light-microscopy a focal, sharply defined irreversible loss of alkaline phosphatase activity was consistently demonstrated in the urothelium, which appeared normal histologically and cytologically. In about 2/3 of the cases, NADH-diaphorase activity was markedly reduced in identical regions. The enzyme-deficient areas are to be considered as preneoplastic, because papillomas and carcinomas developed from them through different stages of hyperplasia. As a rule, these also were characterized by total loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and attenuation of the NADH-diaphorase in all parts or circumscribed areas. Autoradiographically 3H-thymidine-labelling index revealed a 43.2-fold (BBN) and 22.6-fold (FANFT) increase, respectively, in the enzyme-deficient areas, as compared with the surrounding emzyme-containing urothelium. After 54 hrs of continous labelling, there was a mean 3H-thymidine-labelling index of 54.9% in the enzyme-negative regions. The physiological mode of regeneration was no longer maintained in the areas of enzyme deficiency as there was an increased proliferation of suprabasal cells. Areas of papillomas that showed a marked attention of NADH-diaphorase had a 3H-thymidine-labelling index 4.5 (BBN) and 3.1 (FANFT) greater than the surrounding areas with preserved enzyme activity. Since loss of alkaline phosphatase activity occurs regulary and consistently after application of carcinogens with chemically different structures it appears to indicate the initial phase of tumor development in the urinary bladder of the rat.
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PMID:Focal loss of alkaline phosphatase and increase of proliferation in preneoplastic areas of the rat urothelium after administration of n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine and n-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide. 12 42

Muscle fiber composition and oxidative and glycolytic enzymatic activity have been studied with complete traumatic transection of the spinal cord and spastic paralysis of the lower extremities. Muscle sample were taken by means of needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. Biopsies were also taken for comparison from the deltoid muscle. Fibers staining darkly for alkaline stable myofibrillar ATP-ase (type II) dominated or were the only fibers identified in the paralysed muscles. The deltoid muscles of the same patients had a rather even mixture of type I and II fibers. Staining pattern was reversed after acid preincubation (pH 4.3). Mean diameters in the paralysed muscles were reduced for both fiber types. All fibers stained relatively weakly for NADH-diaphorase. Succinyldehydrogenase activity was low and phosphofructokinase activity usually moderately reduced. The findings imply that neuronal influence on the muscular fibers had led to a change in the staining characteristics of the muscle fibers. Such a change migh indicate altered contractile characteristics, though the detailed nature of the observed findings in still unclear.
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PMID:Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion. 13

The masseter muscles of different mammals were studied by means of hisotchemical reactions: NADH: Nitro BT oxidoreductase (NADHOX), 3-hydroxybutyrate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (HBOX), glycerol-3-phosphate: menadione oxidoreductase (GPOX), and acid-stable and alkali-stable myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The masseter mucles of cattle and sheep consisted only of the fibres that reacted moderately for GPOX and strongly for NADHOX, HBOX, and the acid-stable ATPase. The masseter fibres of rats and guinea pigs reacted uniformly and strongly for GPOX and the alkali-stable ATPase. The fibres of the rats showed a weak to strong reaction for NADHOX and mostly a negative reaction for HBOX, whereas those of the guinea pigs reacted uniformly and strongly for NADHOX and HBOX.The masseter fibres of swine and dogs showed a weak or strong reaction for the alkali-stable and a negative or weak reation for HBOX. The fibres of the swine were weak to strong in NADHOX activity and those of the dogs uniformly strong; the fibres of the two species gave a moderate to strong reaction for GPOX. The masseter fibres of the ruminant differed from those of the other species in histochemical properties, and appeared to have the histochemical characteristics that meed functional demands for slow, long-term exercise.
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PMID:A comparative histochemical study of the masseter muscle of the cattle, sheep, swine, dog, guinea pig, and rat. 13 87

Of a total of 1,420 odontogenic cysts, 52 (3.3%) were diagnosed as odontogenic keratocysts. Clinical and histological findings in these 52 cysts are reported. Frozen sections of 26 of the keratocysts were incubated to show the following enzyme activities: NADH2- and NADPH2-diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and ATPase. Furthermore, keratinization was studied with the rhodamine B method and lipids with the oil red O, the OTAN and the acid hematein methods. Sections from epidermis, oral mucosa, radicular cysts, residual cysts and follicular cysts served as reference material. The oxidative enzymes showed strong activity in the keratocyst epithelium which contrasted with weak activity in the reference cysts. Acid phosphatase activity was weak in all epithelia except that in keratocysts, which displayed a marked activity. In the fibrous capsule of the keratocyst a high activity of leucine aminopeptidase was recorded. This high activity contrasted with a weak activity in the reference material. The significance of the histochemical results in relation to the aggressive behavior of the keratocyst is discussed.
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PMID:Odontogenic keratocysts: a clinical and histological study with special reference to enzyme histochemistry. 14 97

Muscles of the lower legs of rats given 25% ethanol in water ad libitum for up to 9.5 months were studied using histological, histochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Ethyl alcohol was substituted for about 20% of the total calorific input of the animals. The observations were compared with the structure of the gastrocnemius muscle of five alcoholics with clinical neuropathy. Fibrillation potentials and angulated atrophic fibers were observed in the muscles of animals on alcohol for 9.5 months. No fiber type grouping was present. There was also phagocytosis of the muscle fibers and changes in their internal structure, as reflected by the distribution of NADH-diaphorase. The observed muscle changes in the alcoholics and those in the experimental animals on alcohol differed mainly quantitatively, the only exception being the presence of fiber type grouping in the biopsies from the alcoholics.
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PMID:Myopathy associated with chronic alcohol drinking. Histological and electrophysiological study. 14 76

The differentiation of fibre types in developing human skeletal muscle was studied. The material consisted of muscle samples from different muscles of 86 foetuses (abortions) between 12 weeks gestation and delivery and 50 children 1 day to 7 years old. The latter samples were obtained at surgery. Histochemical stains for myofibrillar ATPase were made after preincubations at pH 4.3, 4.6 and 10.3 in order to identify the subgroups A and B of type II fibres and undifferentiated fibres (type II C). Stains for glycogen and lipids were also performed as well as for NADH-diaphorase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. After 20 weeks gestation a few large size type I fibers could be found in some muscles, but not until after the 30th week were some type II A fibres seen. During the last 3 months of gestation a very rapid further differentiation occurred, but at delivery the differentiation process was still not completed. At birth 15-20% of the fibres were classified as undifferentiated. This picture only gradually changed with a slow increase in the number of type I, II A and II B fibres. The stains for metabolic enzymes and substrates were pale until late in foetal life when some distinction between fibre types became discernible.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemistry on skeletal muscle of the human foetus. 15 51

Cytochrome-deficient cells of a strain of Escherichia coli lacking 5-amino-levulinate synthetase have been used to study proton translocation associated with the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase region of the electron transport chain. Menadione was used as electron acceptor, and mannitol was used as the substrate for the generation of intracellular NADH. The effects of iron deficiency on NADH- and D-lactate-menadione reductase activities were studied in iron-deficient cells of a mutant strain unable to synthesize the iron chelator enterochelin; both activities were reduced. The NADH- menadione reductase activity in cytochrome-deficient cells was associated with proton translocation and could be coupled to the uptake of proline. However proton translocation associated with the NADH-menadione reductase activity was prevented by a mutation in an unc gene. It was concluded that there is no proton translocation associated with the NADH-dehydrogenase region of the electron transport chain in E. coli and that the proton translocation obtained with mannitol as substrate is due to the activity of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase.
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PMID:Proton translocation in cytochrome-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. 15 8

Histochemical muscle fibre composition was studied in biopsied from the four different muscles of the abdominal wall (rectus abdominis, RA, obliquus externus, OE, obliquus internus, OI, and transversus abdominis, Tr) in 13 normal human subjects (9 females and 4 males, age 24-55 years) undergoing gall-bladder surgery. Muscle fibres were classified as Type I, IIA, IIB or IIC on the basis of their myofibrillar ATPases' pH lability. There were large inter-individual variations in fibre composition, whereas, in general, the differences between the different muscles were minor or non-existent. Mean fibre distribution ranges were 55-58% I, 15-23% 22A, 21-28% IIB, and 0-1% II C fibres. The least fibre diameters were similar for all types and muscles (range of means 50-54 micrometer) except for Tr in which the Type II fibres were smaller (mean 45 micrometer). There was a high correlation in the size of Type I vs. II fibres and Type IIA vs. IIB fibres in all layers. The oxidative potential (NADH-diaphorase staining intensity) appeared high in Type I fibres and low in Type II fibres, irrespective of subgroups. Thus, based on histochemical fibre composition, the different abdominal muscles appear to have a similar functional capacity. However, functional differences between individuals were indicated by the large inter-individual variation in muscle fibre distribution.
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PMID:Fibre types in human abdominal muscles. 16 88

Biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle of male patients suffering from chronic ethanol abuse were studied with regard to histochemical reactions of ATPase and NADH-diaphorase; enzymatic activities of triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPD), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), and cytochrome c oxidase (cytox); content of ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen; and volume fractions of fat, mitochondria, and fibrillar and extrafibrillar space. The results were compared with those from controls without known abuse of ethanol. The relative numbers of fibers were the same in two groups, but the size of the fast-twitch-glycolytic (white) fibers was diminished in the alcoholic group. The activities of TPD and LD were diminished in skeletal muscle of the alcoholics. This is most probably caused by the reduced amount of fast-twitch-glycolytic tissue, as there was a good correlation between this amount and the activity of the two enzymes. The activity of cytox was slightly lower in muscle of the alcoholics than in that of the controls. The volume fraction of mitochondria was lower in the alcoholic group than in the control group. Volume fractions of fat and fibrillar and extrafibrillar space were equal in the two groups. No significant differences were found in the amount of glycogen and ATP in the muscle of the two groups. However, the content of creatine phosphate is higher in the alcoholic group than in the control group.
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PMID:Effects of chronic ethanol abuse on structure and enzyme activities of skeletal muscle in man. 17 13


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