Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using combined nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) immunocytochemistry, it is reported for the first time that possible potential contacts occur between the nitric oxide (NO)- and the GnRH-containing neurons in the brain of a freshwater teleost, Rhodeus amarus. GnRH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were observed in the olfactory nerve (OLN), olfactory bulb (OB), medial olfactory tract (MOT), ventral telencephalon (VT), nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP), nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT), and midbrain tegmentum (MT). Although NADPHd neurons were widely distributed in the brain, only those having an association with GnRH-ir neurons are described. Based on the nature of the association between the GnRH and the NADPHd neurons, the former were classified into three types. The Type I GnRH neurons were characterized by the presence of NADPHd-positive granules in the perikarya and processes and occurred in the OLN, OB, MOT, and VT. The Type II GnRH neurons, having soma-soma or soma-process contacts with the NADPHd neurons, were restricted to the MT; the long processes of NADPHd cells crossed over either the perikarya or the thick processes of GnRH cells. However, the Type III GnRH neurons, found in the NPP and NLT, did not show direct contact, but a few NADPHd fibers were present in the vicinity. The terminal-soma contacts in the olfactory system and the VT and the soma-soma contacts in the MT represent the sites of possible potential contacts indicating a direct NO involvement in GnRH function, although NO action by diffusion remains possible. NO may influence the NPP and NLT GnRH cells by diffusion only, since a direct contact was not observed.
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PMID:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and associated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive neurons in the brain of a teleost, Rhodeus amarus. 1104 10

In the Madagascan hedgehog tenrec, Echinops telfairi, the entire paleocortical region (PCx) subjacent to the rhinal indentation is composed of three layers and occupies up to two thirds of the lateral hemisphere. A clear differentiation of PCx into its presumed constituents, the piriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex, as seen in other mammals, has not been obtained so far. To gain insight into location and intrinsic organization of these areas in a basal placental mammal we investigated the tenrec's PCx using cyto-, myelo- and chemoarchitectural criteria (zinc, acetylcholinesterase, NADPh-diaphorase, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin) and analysed its connections with the olfactory bulb. The layers 2 and 3 of the tenrec's PCx differed from the corresponding layers in the rat. The layer 2 showed a complex distribution of corticobulbar cells but could not be subdivided, in contrast to layer 3. Additional cell groups in the depth of PCx were tentatively compared with subdivisions of the endopiriform region. The architectural and connectional features varied clearly along the rostrocaudal and dorso-ventral extents of PCx and gave hints for the presence of different paleocortical subdivisions. With the possible exception of an area located at the most caudal tip of the dorsomedial hemisphere, however, no conclusive evidence was obtained for the presence of a multilayered, entorhinal region. The bulbar projections to the PCx were very extensive and almost exclusively ipsilateral. The laterality of the projection is similar to that in higher mammals, but differs from that in the erinaceous hedgehog.
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PMID:The subrhinal paleocortex in the hedgehog tenrec: a multiarchitectonic characterization and an analysis of its connections with the olfactory bulb. 1113 Oct 16

The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord. Tissue sections were stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). In the telencephalon, intensely stained neurons with dendrites extending distally were seen in most regions. The ectostriatum was characterized by intensely and diffusely stained neuropil. In the diencephalon, intensely positive neurons were seen in the lateral hypothalamic region and lateral mammillary nucleus. In the mesencephalon, intensely stained, multipolar neurons were abundantly scattered in the central gray, nucleus intercollicularis, reticular formation, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta, area ventralis of Tsai, and ansa lenticularis. In the rhombencephalon, positively-stained neurons were found in the pontine nuclei and reticular formation. The cerebellar cortex, except for Purkinje cells, was a preferential region for NADPH-d activity. Positive end-bulbs made contact on somata in the nucleus magnocellularis cochlearis. In the spinal cord, NADPH-d positive neurons were seen in layer II and the marginal nucleus. Our results demonstrated that the distribution of NADPH-d-containing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord is more complex than in other avian species. Our findings indicate that NADPH-d-containing neurons are present in several sensory pathways, including olfactory, visual, auditory, and somatosensory tracts, although some nuclei in each system did not show NADPH-d activity. The wide distribution of NADPH-d activity in the pigeon CNS suggests that nitric oxide modulates sensory transmission in avian central nervous system.
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PMID:Distribution of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons in the pigeon central nervous system. 1117 17

The aim of this study was to describe the anatomic distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (nNOS-IR) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the olfactory epithelium of the axolotl, juvenile, and neotenic adult, Ambystoma mexicanum. Nitric oxide (NO, nitrogen monoxide) is a widespread molecule that has been identified both as a neuromodulator and as an intracellular messenger. In the olfactory system, NO has been proposed to play a role in olfactory transduction. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can be detected by histochemical (NADPH-d) and immunohistochemical techniques. NADPH-d staining has been described in olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) of several species; however, nNOS-IR has not always been found at ORN. Present results show intense NADPH-d staining and nNOS-IR in the dendrites and cell bodies of ORN in both the nasal cavity and the vomeronasal organ of axolotls. Unilateral olfactory axotomy was conducted to confirm that labels were at ORN. Two weeks after this procedure an important decrease in NADPH-d staining and nNOS-IR was observed. The remaining labels were mostly in basal cells. By 5 weeks postaxotomy both labels were almost totally absent. Thus, both NADPH-d staining and nNOS-IR were mainly localized in ORN. NADPH-d staining and nNOS-IR were also found in nerve fibers surrounding arterioles, as well as in secretory and duct cells of the Bowman's glands. This last anatomical localization suggests that in the A. mexicanum NO might be involved in functions other than only olfactory transduction, such as regulation of local blood flow, glandular secretion, and ORN development.
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PMID:Histochemical and immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the olfactory epithelium of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. 1148 69

The development of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the brain of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was studied by means of immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against NOS and enzyme histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase. Both techniques yielded identical results and were equally suitable for demonstrating the nitrergic system in the brain. The only mismatches were observed in the olfactory nerve and glomeruli and in the terminal nerve; they were intensely labeled with the NADPH-diaphorase technique but failed to stain with NOS immunohistochemistry. As early as stage 33, nitrergic cells were observed in the caudal rhombencephalon within the developing inferior reticular nucleus. At later embryonic stages, different sets of reticular and tegmental neurons were labeled in the middle reticular nucleus and, more conspicuously, in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei. As development proceeded, new nitrergic cell groups gradually appeared in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon. A general caudorostral temporal sequence was observed, both in the whole brain and within each main brain subdivision. The premetamorphic period was mainly characterized by the maturation of the cell populations developed in the embryonic period. During prometamorphosis, the nitrergic system reached an enormous development, and many new cell groups were observed for the first time, in particular in the telencephalon. By the climax of metamorphosis, the pattern of organization of nitrergic cells and fibers observed in the brain was similar to that present in the adult brain. Transient expression of NOS was not detected in any brain region. Our data suggest that nitric oxide plays an important role during brain development of Xenopus. Comparison with the developmental pattern of nitrergic systems in other vertebrates shows that amphibians possess more common features with amniotes than with anamniotes.
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PMID:Ontogeny of NADPH diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase reactivity in the brain of Xenopus laevis. 1189 54

Morphometric parameters of "neuron-capillary-glia" system, succinatedehydrogenase (SDG), NAD-diaphorase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) activities were studied in area 41 and area E of human cerebral hemisphere cortex. It was established that the aging was associated with a reduction in a portion of capillaries, decline in neuronal SDG activity and an activation of LPO. The consequences of these phenomena are the death of some part of neurons accompanied by a substitutive gliosis and an increase of glial index. Augmentation of both volumetric parameters of capillary bed and neuronal NAD-diaphorase activity, presumably, represents the compensatory reaction in human cerebral cortex in senile age. The changes described above were found to be more pronounced in auditory cortex (area 41) than in olfactory cortex (area E).
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PMID:[Dynamics of morphohistochemical parameters and lipid peroxidation in the course of aging of the human cerebral hemisphere cortex]. 1210 97

NADPH diaphorase histochemical protocols were optimized for the histochemical labeling of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the nasal cavity and their axon terminals in glomeruli of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) in the Syrian hamster. This labeling was then used to map and quantify the spatial distribution of ORNs and their central projections. Diaphorase-positive ORNs were found to be rhinotopically restricted to dorsal-medially situated segments of sensory mucosa associated with central air channels in the nose, together constituting about 25% of the total receptor sheet. This topography closely resembles the zonal expression patterns of putative odorant receptor genes and cell surface glycoconjugates in the nose. Moreover, the projections of ORNs in the diaphorase-positive dorsal/central zone were found to expand onto the entire dorsal half of the MOB, consistent with spatial patterns discerned in retrograde tract-tracing studies. These boundaries indicate that dorsal/central zone ORNs project to a disproportionately larger region of the MOB than do those in the more ventral/peripheral zones. The demonstration of NADPH diaphorase activity in ORNs is inconsistent with the expression of the best-known NADPH-dependent enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase (neuronal and endothelial isoforms) and NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Understanding the spatial patterning of histochemical labeling in ORNs should facilitate the biochemical identification of this diaphorase.
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PMID:NADPH diaphorase activity in olfactory receptor neurons and their axons conforms to a rhinotopically-distinct dorsal zone of the hamster nasal cavity and main olfactory bulb. 1240 2

Despite extensive interest in the rodent nasal cavity as a target organ for toxicity, there is very limited information regarding nasal defenses against oxidative stress and xenobiotic-derived oxidants. Using immunohistochemistry, we have examined the distribution of Cu,Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and DT-diaphorase in rat nasal tissues. In addition, we have determined the concentrations of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol and the activities of SOD (combined Cu,Zn and Mn forms), catalase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, and DT-diaphorase in nasal respiratory epithelium (RE), olfactory epithelium (OE), and in lung. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that all four enzymes were similarly distributed, with the greatest staining intensity in dorsal-medial regions of the nasal cavity. In respiratory epithelium, ciliated columnar cells and subepithelial glands stained positively, while in olfactory tissue the enzymes were detected in the sustentacular cells and Bowman's glands. With the exception of SOD, enzyme activities were higher in RE than OE, while concentrations of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol were higher in OE than RE. With the exception of catalase, nasal activities were either higher than or comparable to those of the lung. Thus, the rat nasal cavity appears to be well protected against oxidative damage.
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PMID:Antioxidant status of the rat nasal cavity. 1261 49

The aim of the present study is to explore the distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the olfactory system of an adult teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus using neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry methods. Intense nNOS immunoreactivity was noticed in several olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), in their axonal extensions over the olfactory nerve and in some basal cells of the olfactory epithelium. nNOS containing fascicles of the ORNs enter the bulb from its rostral pole, spread in the olfactory nerve layer in the periphery of the bulb and display massive innervation of the olfactory glomeruli. Unilateral ablation of the olfactory organ resulted in dramatic loss of nNOS immunoreactivity in the olfactory nerve layer of the ipsilateral bulb. In the olfactory bulb of intact fish, some granule cells showed intense immunoreactivity; dendrites arising from the granule cells could be traced to the glomerular layer. Of particular interest is the occurrence of nNOS immunoreactivity in the ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis. nNOS containing fibers were also encountered in the medial olfactory tracts as they extend to the telencephalon. The NADPHd staining generally coincides with that of nNOS suggesting that it may serve as a marker for nNOS in the olfactory system of this fish. However, mismatch was encountered in the case of mitral cells, while all are nNOS-negative, few were NADPHd positive. The present study for the first time revealed the occurrence of nNOS immunoreactivity in the ORNs of an adult vertebrate and suggests a role for nitric oxide in the transduction of odor stimuli, regeneration of olfactory epithelium and processing of olfactory signals.
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PMID:Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the olfactory system of an adult teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus. 1283 76

The mouse olfactory epithelium (OE) is divided into spatial zones, each containing neurons expressing zone-specific subsets of odorant receptor genes. Likewise, the vomeronasal (VN) organ is organized into apical and basal subpopulations of neurons expressing different VN receptor gene families. Axons projecting from the different OE zones and VN subpopulations form synapses within circumscribed regions in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb (OB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), respectively. We here show that mature neurons in one defined zone selectively express NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), an enzyme that catalyses reduction of quinones. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization analyses show non-overlapping expression of NQO1 and the Rb8 neural cell adhesion molecule (RNCAM/OCAM) in OE and axon terminals within glomeruli of the OB. In addition, NQO1 immunoreactivity reveals selective, zone-specific axon fasciculation in the olfactory nerve. VN subpopulations do not show complementary patterns of RNCAM and NQO1 immunoreactivity, instead both genes are co-expressed in apical VN neurons that project to the rostral AOB. These results indicate that one division of both the accessory and the main olfactory projection maps are composed of sensory neurons that are specialized to reduce environmental and/or endogenously produced quinones via an NQO1-dependent mechanism. The role of NQO1 in bioactivation of quinoidal drugs also points to a connection between zone-specific NQO1 expression and zone-specific toxicity of certain olfactory toxins.
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PMID:NQO1 activity in the main and the accessory olfactory systems correlates with the zonal topography of projection maps. 1512 4


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