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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
 6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neocortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons have been previously described as largely involved in local intracortical circuitry. However, our recent findings in the murine model described select neocortical GABAergic neurons that project to both neighboring and more distant neocortical regions. Here, we investigated whether such GABAergic projection neurons are also found in the cat neocortex. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the visual, auditory, or somatosensory cortex, in order to label efferent cortical neurons retrogradely and to label axons and terminals orthogradely. Staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), an enzyme involved in nitric oxide synthesis, was employed, and co-localization with WGA-HRP was determined by means of both polarizing and brightfield microscopy. We concluded that neurons double-labeled with WGA-HRP and NADPH-d in a distant region from the WGA-HRP-injection site are GABAergic neurons with long-range projection axons. All double-labeled neurons were found in cortical layers VIa and VIb and in the white matter. Neurons with intense NADPH-d reactivity (type I) were determined to be neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) positive in all cases. However, weakly NADPH-d-reactive neurons (type II) lacked nNOS immunoreactivity. Moreover, nNOS often co-localized with GABA, neuropeptide-Y, and somatostatin in the cat neocortex. In summary, the GABAergic neurons described here projected in a manner similar to that previously described for neocortical principal neurons, although some unique GABAergic long-range projections were also demonstrated.
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PMID:Long-range GABAergic projection neurons in the cat neocortex. 1750 78

Doublecortin-immunoreactive (DCX+) cells were detected across the allo- and neo-cortical regions in the adult guinea pig cerebrum, localized to layer II specifically at its border with layer I. The density of labeled cells declined with age, whereas no apparent apoptotic activity was detectable over the cortex including layer II. DCX+ cells varied in somal size, labeling intensity, nuclear appearance, and complexity of processes. These cells were often arranged in clusters with cells of similar morphology sometimes packed tightly together. They exhibited complete colocalization with polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) and neuron-specific type III beta-tubulin (TuJ1). Medium to large-sized DCX+ cells had well-developed neuritic processes, and expressed neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). Large mature-looking cells with weak DCX reactivity invariably displayed heavy NeuN reactivity, implicating a transitional stage of these labeled cells. These "transitional" cells also consistently exhibited weak reactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), suggestive of them being young GABAergic/nitrinergic interneurons. Our data indicate that DCX+ cells exist widely in the adult guinea pig cerebral cortex, with a predominant localization in upper layer II. The morphological variation and differential expression of neuronal markers in these cells implicate that they might be developing neurons, and that they are probably differentiating into GABAergic interneurons. This population of cells might be involved in interneuron plasticity in the adult mammalian cerebral cortex.
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PMID:Doublecortin-expressing cells are present in layer II across the adult guinea pig cerebral cortex: partial colocalization with mature interneuron markers. 1837 31

DCX-immunoreactive (DCX+) cells occur in the piriform cortex in adult mice and rats, but also in the neocortex in adult guinea pigs and rabbits. Here we describe these cells in adult domestic cats and primates. In cats and rhesus monkeys, DCX+ cells existed across the allo- and neocortex, with an overall ventrodorsal high to low gradient at a given frontal plane. Labeled cells formed a cellular band in layers II and upper III, exhibiting dramatic differences in somal size (5-20 microm), shape (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar and irregular), neuritic complexity and labeling intensity. Cell clusters were also seen in this band, and those in the entorhinal cortex extended into deeper layers as chain-like structures. Densitometry revealed a parallel decline of the cells across regions with age in cats. Besides the cellular band, medium-sized cells with weak DCX reactivity resided sparsely in other layers. Throughout the cortex, virtually all DCX+ cells co-expressed polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule. Medium to large mature-looking DCX+ cells frequently colocalized with neuron-specific nuclear protein and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and those with a reduced DCX expression also partially co-labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase, parvalbumin, calbindin, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Similar to cats and monkeys, small and larger DCX+ cells were detected in surgically removed human frontal and temporal cortices. These data suggest that immature neurons persist into adulthood in many cortical areas in cats and primates, and that these cells appear to undergo development and differentiation to become functional subgroups of GABAergic interneurons.
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PMID:Doublecortin expression in adult cat and primate cerebral cortex relates to immature neurons that develop into GABAergic subgroups. 1916 33

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the neocortex have been regarded as interneurons and speculated to modulate the activity of neurons locally. Recently, however, several experiments revealed that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive GABAergic neurons project cortico-cortically with long axons. In this study, we illustrate Golgi-like images of the nNOS-positive GABAergic neurons using a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) reaction and follow the emanating axon branches in cat brain sections. These axon branches projected cortico-cortically with other non-labeled arcuate fibers, contra-laterally via the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. The labeled fibers were not limited to the neocortex but found also in the fimbria of the hippocampus. In order to have additional information on these GABAergic neuron projections, we investigated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled GABAergic neurons in GAD67-Cre knock-in/GFP Cre-reporter mice. GFP-labeled axons emanate densely, especially in the fimbria, a small number in the anterior commissure, and very sparsely in the corpus callosum. These two different approaches confirm that not only nNOS-positive GABAergic neurons but also other subtypes of GABAergic neurons project long axons in the cerebral cortex and are in a position to be involved in information processing.
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PMID:Subtypes of GABAergic neurons project axons in the neocortex. 1991 25


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