Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the morphology and distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive elements in normal and Alzheimer's disease brain with a monoclonal anti-substance P antibody. Bands of prominent terminal-like staining were found in the dentate gyrus of normal brain. Multipolar substance P-immunoreactive neurons were seen in dentate polymorphic layer and CA4 and prominent fiber staining was present in the CA fields of the hippocampus and adjacent allocortex. Reactive perikarya, concentrated in deep cortex and infracortical white matter, were found in all isocortical regions. Greatest density was in frontal and parietal association cortex; lowest in visual cortex. Fiber density was generally greatest in layers I and II. In Alzheimer's disease, staining intensity was reduced in the dentate gyrus. Hilar neurons were unaffected but other CA field neurons were distorted with pruned dendritic trees. Isocortical perikarya and fibers were significantly depleted and distorted in all regions. Globular deposits consisting of distorted neurites or dissolving perikarya were frequently seen. Double staining methods showed that the vast majority of isocortical, but not hippocampal, substance P-like immunoreactive neurons are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-positive. Despite the modest quantitative depletion of substance P in Alzheimer's disease cortex as measured by radioimmunoassay compared to somatostatin, there is a significant depletion of substance P-like immunoreactive perikarya. This disparity may be due to persistence of afferent projections which make a major contribution to substance P concentrations in cerebral cortex or to the high substance P content of dystrophic fibers in Alzheimer's disease cortex.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactive neurons are depleted in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex. 171 54

The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity was studied histochemically in the sensory ganglia of the rat. Supraspinally, the trigeminal ganglion possessed only a few cells positively stained for NADPH-diaphorase, while a large number of positive neurons was found in the nodose ganglion. In the dorsal root ganglia, the distribution of positive cells showed a peculiar pattern in relation to spinal levels. Very minor populations (less than 2% of the total ganglionic cells) exhibited positive reaction in ganglia at levels ranging from the first cervical (C1) to fourth thoracic (T4) and from the second lumber (L2) through the entire sacral levels. In the middle to lower thoracic levels (from T5 to L1), however, abundant diaphorase-positive cells were observed. From these positive neurons it was possible to trace intensely stained nerve fibers. In the lower thoracic level, for example, dense positive fibers were seen in the ramus communicans. Retrograde tracing studies revealed that diaphorase-containing neurons in the lower thoracic level project at least partly to the gastric wall and the celiac ganglion. These results indicate that the diaphorase-positive ganglionic neurons in the thoracicolumbar levels may carry autonomic visceral afferent information. Double staining with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and peptide immunohistochemistry revealed that NADPH-diaphorase colocalizes with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in many of these visceral afferent neurons.
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PMID:Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat. 186 99

We have examined the distribution and size of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase reactivity in adult and developing cat retinae. From late gestation E (embryonic day) 58 to adulthood, NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was detected in amacrine cells with somata located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) and in processes spreading in the middle strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Reactivity was also present in small rounded profiles located in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and thought to be cone pedicles. The number of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells present in adult retinae was about 40,000, 75% of these somata were located in the GCL, the remainder in the INL. At birth, however, there was more than double this number of labelled somata (85,000), the total gradually declining to reach adult values by P (postnatal day) 25. This loss of NADPH-diaphorase reactive somata may be partly explained by natural cell death (apoptosis) or by loss of the active diaphorase from the cells. The density distributions of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells in the INL and GCL of retinal wholemounts reached maxima in regions slightly inferior to the area centralis at all ages studied. The principal topographical difference between adult and developing retinae was that the density gradient of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells was steeper in adults than at younger ages. During early development, the somal and dendritic field diameters of NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells at the area centralis were about the same size as those in the periphery; by adulthood, cells in the periphery were larger. The change in the somal diameter gradient apparently emerged because of a reduction in somal size of the centrally located cells. The change in the dendritic diameter gradient emerged because of a greater growth of peripheral cells as compared to central cells. We suggest that NADPH-diaphorase may have a role in the formation of synapses in the developing IPL.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in adult and developing cat retinae. 193 34

Haemonchus contortus, incubated in 10 micrograms/ml and 50 micrograms/ml concentrations of Nilzan and albendazole in Tyrode solution were stained for histoenzymatic demonstration of various phosphatases, oxido-reductases and esterases. The intestine showed major alterations after drug treatments. The alkaline phosphatases (AkPase), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase showed a decreased activity in intestine after Nilzan treatment, whereas lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and monoamine oxidase resisted increased reaction. The albendazole treatment resulted in altered distribution pattern of the AkPase, ATPase, SDH, and GDH; while LDH, G-6-PD, and non-specific esterases exhibited slightly enhanced activity in the epithelium. The functional significance of these changes has been fully discussed.
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PMID:Effect of Nilzan and albendazole on the absorptive surfaces of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda)--a histoenzymic study. 196 79

Reduction of several nitroso-compounds by purified DT-diaphorase from rat liver cytosol was investigated. Among nitroso-compounds tested, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol and p-nitrosophenol were reduced in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) at rates much faster than that of nitrosobenzene. On the contrary, none of the N-nitroso-compounds tested was reduced by this enzyme. Experiments on the identification of reduction products and on the inhibition with dicoumarol and the antiserum indicated that DT-diaphorase catalyzes 4-electron reduction of C-nitroso-compounds and plays a major role in the reduction of these compounds by rat liver cytosol.
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PMID:Rat liver DT-diaphorase as a nitroso-reductase. 211 41

We have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 microns) located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 microns) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small, round somata (mean, 5.2 microns) located in either the INL or GCL, and were without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most striking feature of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density at the foveal rim.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical distribution. 227 37

Age-related changes of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons were examined quantitatively in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (TLD) and the caudate-putamen of mice. Six 2-month-old and six 25- to 30-month-old DDD mice were studied using computer-assisted image analysis. Although no age-related changes in neuronal counts were found in the TLD, the cell size in this nucleus showed a statistically significant reduction with aging. In addition, the degree of the age-related neuronal shrinkage differed within the TLD; the most significant occurring in the rostral, less in the caudal third and no significant alteration being found in the middle third portion of TLD. In contrast, NADPH-d-positive neurons in the striatum did not show distinct age-related changes. NADPH-d-containing neurons in the TLD correspond to cholinergic cells, which project to the forebrain. Thus, the age-related shrinkage of NADPH-d neurons in the TLD may be related to the cholinergic dysfunctions seen in the forebrain of senescent mice.
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PMID:Effect of aging on NADPH-diaphorase neurons in laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and striatum of mice. 236 51

Calcineurin, a multifunctional Ca2+ (divalent cations)-dependent calmodulin-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatase, has been reported to be present in the striatal neurons which project to the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. In the present study, we examined what types of cells in the rat striatum express calcineurin. The calcineurin-positive neurons were of medium size (mean diameter of 16 microns) and constituted about 60-70% of the total neuronal population in the striatum. Under light microscopy, the calcineurin-positive neurons had round, triangular, or polygonal cell bodies with a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. Electron microscopic examination of 20 randomly selected striatal calcineurin-immunoreactive neurons revealed that their nuclei did not show any invaginations or intranuclear inclusions. The calcineurin-positive neurons were characterized by Golgi impregnation as the densely spinous type. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that calcineurin-positive neurons are a separate population from the diisopropylfluorophosphate-acetylcholinesterase-positive cells or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-positive cells, by means of the combination of immunocytochemistry and enzyme histochemistry. In addition, simultaneous localization of calcineurin and substance P in a single cell was observed in some striatal neurons using a double immunostaining method. On the basis of these findings, it was considered that most calcineurin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat striatum may be classified as medium-size densely spiny neurons.
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PMID:Morphological characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing calcineurin immunoreactivity. 244 61

Plexiform areas are functionally important units of the pineal complex. The silver impregnation technique by Matsuyama (1972) reveals in the frog that nerve fibres branch and terminate in these areas and that they are presynaptic to nerve cells which are part of the plexiform areas. Histochemically, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) method according to Scherer-Singler et al. (1983) indicates that pinealocytes and nerve cells are both stained, a strong stratification of different cell types can be visualized. Plexiform areas of different size exist at the dorsal and ventral surface of the organ; the biggest are located rostrodorsally. Approximately twenty large multipolar nerve cells are localized at the ventral surface of the pineal organ mainly at the rostral and lateral borders. They send long processes mainly in caudal direction. These processes are post-synaptic to the boutons of the endfeet belonging to photosensitive pinealocytes. Processes of several multipolar nerve cells converge to one plexiform area, branch and obviously terminate there. As in horizontal cells the processes of the multipolar cells seem to be capable of both receiving and transmitting signals. On the postsynaptic side of the processes of the multipolar cells are smaller nerve cells juxtaposed to the plexiform areas. They are known as pseudounipolar, unipolar or bipolar cells (Wake et al., 1974); the latter are free of boutons of the pinealocytes, their axons forming the pineal tract. Three different types of photosensitive pinealocytes can be distinguished: a slender, a spherical and a double-cone type. Also, the number of boutons varies in the endfeet: boutons occur alone, in groups of two or three, and in clusters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The neural organization of the pineal complex in the frog: stratification and regional differences. 251 Aug 1

Enzymes in the human myocardium following sudden death were examined for activity in a quantitative histoenzymological study, these were NAD-dependent dehadrogenases of succinate (SDG), lactate (LDG), beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HOBDG), alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GPDG), alcohol (ADG), glucoso-6-phosphate (G-6-PDG), and NAD-diaphorase (NADse), and catalase. Autopsies were performed within 3 h after death. beta-HOBDG and LDG were found to show an increase in activity in the cardiomyocytes of sudden death subjects with coronary heart disease without apparent changes. In the myocardium from death subjects with coronary heart disease and large postinfarct cardiosclerosis, the activity of the enzymes was directly related to the severity of myocardial hypertrophy and signs of chronic heart failure. As myocardial hypertrophy developed, the enzyme activity increased; when there appeared signs of chronic heart failure it decreased. The myocardium from sudden death subjects with alcoholic cardiomyopathy showed diminished redox enzyme activity and higher activity of the enzyme utilizing alcohol (ADG and catalase). The findings suggest that changes in the enzyme activity in the myocardium are of various type and depend on previous cardiac abnormalities.
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PMID:Quantitative histoenzymological characteristics of the myocardium in sudden cardiac death. 252 98


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