Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

NADH was metabolized both by serum components and at the cell surface. The metabolism by serum was either oxidation to NAD+, or hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide (reduced) (NMNH) and AMP. NMNH was further hydrolysed to yield nicotinamide riboside (reduced) (NRH), which was stable. NAD+ was hydrolysed (although at a slower rate than was NADH), but was also reduced to yield NADH. The reduction of NAD+ was catalysed by the enzyme serum L(+)lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and was dependent on the concentration of L(+)lactate in the serum. NADPH was hydrolysed in a similar manner to NADH but not oxidized by serum. NADH generated from NAD+ by serum derived from human, foetal calf and horse sources was capable of driving the bioreductive activation of CB 1954 by the enzyme DT diaphorase. Cell surfaces oxidized NADH to NAD+, but did not oxidize NADPH or NRH. These observations suggest that NAD(P)H would be unsuitable as a source of reducing equivalents for the bioreductive activation of prodrugs by a reductase enzyme in Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT). In contrast, NAD+ (which could act as a source of NADH) and NRH could avoid the shortcomings of NAD(P)H, and act as suitable cofactors for an enzyme in an ADEPT system.
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PMID:Metabolism of NAD(P)H by blood components. Relevance to bioreductively activated prodrugs in a targeted enzyme therapy system. 138 14

Cytochrome P-450-mediated redox cycling between the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) and diethylstilbestrol-4',4"-quinone (DES Q) has previously been demonstrated. Cytochrome P-450 reductase catalyzes the reduction of DES Q presumably via a semiquinone formed by one-electron reduction. A reducing action of NAD(P)H quinone reductase (EC 1.6.99.2) mediating two-electron reduction of DES Q has been investigated in the present work. Quinone reductase catalyzed the conversion in the presence of NADH or NADPH of DES Q to 53-65% Z-DES, a marker product of reduction. Dicumarol (15 microM), a known specific inhibitor of quinone reductase, inhibited this reduction almost completely. Using microsomes from Syrian hamster kidney, a target organ of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis, the reduction of DES Q was only partially inhibited by dicumarol. Apparent Km values of quinone reductase and cytochrome P-450 reductase were 17.25 and 11.9 microM, respectively. These data demonstrate that in hamster kidney, quinone reductase and cytochrome P-450 reductase compete for the reduction of DES Q. Microsomal 02-. radical generation was stimulated 10-fold over base levels by the addition of 100 microM DES Q. The formation of 02-. radicals was inhibited by addition of superoxide dismutase (0.2 mg/ml) or by 2'-AMP or NADP, known inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 reductase. In contrast, dicumarol enhanced microsome-mediated 02-. formation. It is concluded that cytochrome P-450 reductase in hamster kidney microsomes mediates one-electron reduction of estrogen quinones to free radicals (semiquinones), which may subsequently enter redox cycling with molecular oxygen to form 02-.. Moreover, quinone reductase reduces DES Q directly to E- and Z-DES, and thus may prevent the formation of toxic intermediates during redox cycling of estrogens. Measurements of quinone reductase activity in liver and kidney of hamsters treated with estrogen for various lengths of time revealed a temporary decrease in activity by 80% specifically in the kidney after 1 month of chronic treatment with estradiol. Thus, a temporary decrease in quinone reductase activity, which occurred specifically in estrogen-exposed hamster kidney, may enhance the formation of free radical intermediates generated during biotransformation of estrogens.
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PMID:Temporary decrease in renal quinone reductase activity induced by chronic administration of estradiol to male Syrian hamsters. Increased superoxide formation by redox cycling of estrogen. 283 Nov 97

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase is the predominant NADH-diaphorase found in the human neutrophil (Blood 62:152, 1983). Although this reductase segregates with the light membranes of nitrogen-cavitated neutrophils separated on Percoll gradients (which include the plasma membrane markers alkaline phosphatase and NADPH-oxidase), it is approximately 95% excluded from plasma membrane-enriched phagocytic vacuoles. The reductase constitutes approximately 5% of the light membrane fraction FAD-flavoprotein (14.8 +/- 5.5 pmol/mg protein) and was found in equimolar concentration with a high potential b cytochrome also present in this light membrane fraction and tentatively identified as cytochrome b5. Isolation of the reductase from human neutrophils was accomplished by Triton X-114 solubilization of the light Percoll gradient membranes, followed by temperature-dependent phase separation and then affinity chromatography on AMP-Sepharose. The active preparation contained 1.3 mol FAD/mol protein, migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a single band corresponding to an apparent mol wt of 45,000 daltons, exhibited a pl of 5.7 on chromatofocusing and was obtained in greater than 70% yield, with an overall purification of almost 900-fold. The purified enzyme was characterized by a high specificity for NADH as electron donor (Km = 6.4 mumol/L v Km greater than 1.6 mmol/L for NADPH) and exhibited a maximal turnover of ca. 30,000 min-1 at 22 degrees C with either ferricyanide or cytochrome b5 (Km = 10 nmol/L) as electron acceptor. Although the physical characterization and biochemical properties described here demonstrate that this neutrophil NADH b5 reductase is similar to the corresponding liver and erythrocyte enzymes, its unique function in the neutrophil has yet to be determined.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of the human neutrophil NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. 299 39

This communication presents the results obtained in tubular aggregates of 24 enzyme histochemical techniques for demonstrating activity of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and isomerases. The activity characteristics of the tubular aggregates in m. gluteus medius of 18 patients with diseases of the neuromuscular system were almost identical. A high activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, NADPH: tetrazolium oxidoreductase, NADH:tetrazolium oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase, could be shown in the pathological structures, whereas the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes, glycerol-3-phosphate:menadione oxidoreductase, succinate:PMS oxidoreductase, malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase and isocitrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, and the partial mitochondrial enzymes, malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase and isocitrate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, was very slight or even absent. There was a moderate to strong activity of the glycolytic enzymes lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose phosphate isomerase. In contrast, the activity of alpha-glucan phosphorylase was slight. The activity of phosphogluconate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase and 5'-nucleotidase was slight, whereas there was no activity of myosin ATPase and mitochondrial ATPase, acid phosphatase or alkaline phosphatase. The high activity of AMP-deaminase was very striking. The activity of peroxidase was moderate. Results obtained with adsorption studies point to adsorption of some of the enzymes studied to the tubular aggregates in vivo and this phenomenon very probably determined the histochemical characteristics of these structures.
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PMID:Histochemical features of tubular aggregates in diseased human skeletal muscle fibres. 317 98

A series of straight chain N-alkymaleimides was shown to simultaneously inactivate the reductase, transhydrogenase and diaphorase activities of yeast glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H: oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2.) at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees C. Apparent second-order rate constants for the inactivation of all enzyme activities exhibited parallel increases with increasing chainlength from C-2 through C-7 of the alkyl substituent of the enhanced binding of maleimides through nonpolar interactions with the enzyme. Reduction of the active site disulfide with NADPH was required prior to addition of maleimide for inactivation to occur. NADP, AcPyADP, SNADP, AADP, and oxidized glutathione all protected the enzyme from inactivation. 2'AMP, 3' AMP, 2'-phospho-5' AMP, 2'-phospho5'-ADP and 2'-phospho-ADP-ribose although all coenzyme-competitive inhibitors failed to protect the enzyme from N-ethylmaleimide inactivation. N-Phenyl and N-alkylmaleimides covalently modified two, of six available sulfhydryl groups per subunit. No other amino acid residues were modified. The reactivity of these sulfhydryl groups was at least two orders of magnitude higher than any reported for the N-ethylmaleimide reaction with many other 'essential sulfhydryl' enzymes. No change in the charge transfer band of the reduced enzyme was observed upon complete inactivation by N-ethyl, N-heptyl or N-phenylmaleimide. The retention of the charge transfer band after selective modification of two sulfhydryl groups suggests the involvement of a third reactive sulfhydryl group in the functioning of the yeast enzyme. No inactivation was observed when coenzymatically reduced enzyme was incubated with the site-specific sulfhydryl reagent, diazotized AADP.
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PMID:Simultaneous inactivation of the catalytic activities of yeast glutathione reductase by N-alkylmaleimides. 701 85

A major and a minor ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase were separated from the soluble fraction in the human lens cortex by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange column chromatography. These AFR reductases also exhibited diaphorase activity using dichlorophenolindophenol and ferricyanide as electron acceptors. The major AFR reductase was partially purified by 5'AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity column chromatography. This partially purified AFR reductase showed a single band of diaphorase activity in native polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. This activity band corresponded to the major protein observed in protein staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue. However, the protein staining by Coomassie Brilliant Blue showed this activity band surrounded by diffused staining. Molecular weight of the partially purified AFR reductase was determined to be 32 kDa by gel filtration, and the apparent Km value for AFR was about 15 microM. This major lens AFR reductase could be distinguished from soluble Neurospora, Euglena and cucumber AFR reductases, and from two ubiquitous enzymes with reduction activity of AFR and/or foreign compounds, ie, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and DT-diaphorase, by their molecular weights, Km values and/or ion-exchange chromatographic behaviors.
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PMID:Soluble ascorbate free radical reductase in the human lens. 793 90

Fe(II)- and Co(II)-Fenton systems (FS) inactivated the lipoamide reductase activity but not the diaphorase activity of pig-heart lipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH). The Co(II) system was the more effective as LADH inhibitor. Phosphate ions enhanced the Fe(II)-FS activity. EDTA, DETAPAC, DL-histidine, DL-cysteine, glutathione, DL-dithiothreitol, DL-lipoamide, DL-thioctic acid, bathophenthroline, trypanothione and ATP, but not ADP or AMP, prevented LADH inactivation. Reduced disulfide compounds were more effective protectors than the parent compounds. Mg ions counteracted ATP protective action. Glutathione and DL-dithiothreitol partially restored the lipoamide dehydrogenase activity of the Fe(II)-FS-inhibited LADH. DL-histidine exerted a similar action on the Co(II)-FS-inhibited enzyme. Ethanol, mannitol and benzoate did not prevent LADH inactivation by the assayed Fenton systems and, accordingly, it is postulated that site-specific generated HO. radicals were responsible for LADH inactivation. With the Co(II)-FS, oxygen reactive species other than HO., might contribute to LADH inactivation.
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PMID:Inactivation of lipoamide dehydrogenase by cobalt(II) and iron(II) Fenton systems: effect of metal chelators, thiol compounds and adenine nucleotides. 831 11

It has been suggested that oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death. We have therefore investigated the protective effects of antioxidants against excitotoxic injury in the rat on striatal neurons both in vitro and in vivo. In the first part of the study, we determined whether two different types of antioxidants, the spin trapping agent, alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone and an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, U-83836E, could protect cultured striatal neurons against either hypoglycemic injury or N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity. Dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, which is enriched in medium-sized spiny neurons, was chosen as a marker for striatal neurons. alpha-Phenyl-t-butyl nitrone and U-83836E both significantly reduced cell death induced by these insults as indicated by an increased number of surviving dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phospho-protein-positive neurons. The two antioxidants also promoted the survival of cultured striatal neurons grown at low cell density under serum-free culture conditions. In an in vivo experiment systemically administered alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone exerted neuroprotective effects in the rat striatum following injection of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid. Apomorphine-induced rotation tests revealed that alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone-treated animals were significantly less asymmetric in their motor behavior than control rats. Treatment with alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone significantly reduced the size of the quinolinic acid-induced striatal lesions, as assessed by the degree of sparing of dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phospho-protein-positive and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive neurons, and of microtubule-associated protein-2-immunorective areas. Furthermore, lesion-induced morphological changes in the substantia nigra pars reticulate, i.e. loss of dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-positive afferent fibers and atrophic changes due to transsynaptic degeneration, were also less extensive in the alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone-treated animals. The results support the hypothesis that oxygen-free radicals contribute to excitotoxic neuronal injury. The in vivo cytoprotective effects of alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone against striatal excitotoxic lesions suggest that antioxidants could be used as potential neuroprotective agents in Huntington's disease, which has been suggested to involve excitotoxicity.
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PMID:Antioxidant treatment protects striatal neurons against excitotoxic insults. 878 41

Major and minor ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductases, with diaphorase activity, and three other diaphorases were separated from the human lens soluble fraction by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange column chromatography. They were characterized for adsorptivity to ion-exchange and 5'AMP-Sepharose 4B affinity columns, kinetic properties, and substrate specificity. The latter diaphorases were closely correlated with NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase. The major and minor AFR reductases were regarded as a major diaphorase group different from two ubiquitous diaphorases, i.e., NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase and DT-diaphorase. A major AFR reductase was partially purified approximately 50 fold over the lens soluble fraction by ion-exchange, affinity, and gel filtration (Sephacryl S-200 HR) column chromatography. From the partially purified enzyme, 2 bands, one sharp and one diffuse, were obtained by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two proteins, of 20 and 24 kDa, were identified in the active enzyme bands by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This suggests that the 20 and/or 24 kDa proteins may be components of the major AFR reductase.
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PMID:Ascorbate free radical reductases and diaphorases in soluble fractions of the human lens. 895 63

The enzymatic cell-free metabolism of the novel hypoxia-selective cytotoxin 4-[3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-propylamino]-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ-1) was investigated under hypoxic or aerobic conditions in the presence of purified reductive enzymes or isolated rat liver microsomes by monitoring the parent compound with HPLC-UV analysis. Enzymatic reduction of NLCQ-1 with isolated rat liver microsomes and NADPH or NADH showed that, only under hypoxic conditions, ca. 45% and 60% of the parent compound was reduced, respectively, within 1 h of incubation (37 degrees C). Under identical conditions but in the presence of 2'-AMP (a P450 reductase inhibitor), 6-propyl-2-thiouracil or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (cytochrome b5 reductase inhibitors), NLCQ-1 reduction was inhibited. Enzymatic cell-free metabolism of NLCQ-1 with recombinant human DT-diaphorase (DTD) and NADPH or NADH under hypoxic or aerobic conditions showed that < or = 5% of the compound was reduced within 2 h. Reduction kinetics with human P450 reductase-expressing microsomes showed ca. 75% or 50% reduction of NLCQ-1 under hypoxic or aerobic conditions, respectively, after 2 h incubation. These results suggest that DTD is not involved in the initial steps of the bioreductive metabolism of NLCQ-1, although it could be involved with metabolites of NLCQ-1, and that cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 reductases play a significant role in the bioreductive metabolism of NLCQ-1.
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PMID:Reductive metabolism of the nitroimidazole-based hypoxia-selective cytotoxin NLCQ-1 (NSC 709257). 1455 88


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