Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.5.2 (NQO1)
 6,196 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A quantitative morphometric evaluation of the intramural plexus of the urinary bladder of adult and aged guinea-pigs was performed by histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and hystochemical methods, such as NADH-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The round or oval shaped intramural neurons were revealed among the bundles of the smooth detrusor muscle in clusters containing a variable number of cells in the groups. In both adult control and aged animals, the ganglia were enveloped by a ganglionar capsule of connective tissue mainly composed of type I collagen fibers. The number of neurons NADH-diaphorase positives estimated in the intramural plexus was 1433+/-187.71 and 1107+/-120.67 in the adult control and aged groups, respectively. The perikaryon areas of the NADH-diaphorase neurons reactives ranged from 216.40 to 1809.30 microm(2) in adult control group and from 198.20 to 2096.25 microm(2) in aged group. The nuclear area showed an increase in aged animals. The number of AChE-positive neurons estimated in the intramural plexus was 3294.67+/-415 microm(2) in the adult control group and 1960.33+/-526 microm(2) in the aged group, showing a significant decrease in the latter group. This age-related morphological change in intramural neurons may contribute to changes in urinary bladder activities in the elderly.
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PMID:Age-related changes in urinary bladder intramural neurons. 1744 14

Rectal suction biopsy (RSB) is the gold standard diagnostic procedure for disorders of bowel motility. This study describes our experience with RSB stained with histochemistry as the first diagnostic approach in a large series of patients presenting with chronic constipation. Between 1993 and 2005, 766 children underwent RSB for persistent chronic constipation. The specimens were snap frozen, sectioned and stained with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical stainings. Adequate amount of submucosa was present in 655 (85.5%) out of 766 cases and formed the basis of this study. RSB in 540 (82%) patients were reported as normal. Hirschsprung's disease was found in 47 (7.2%) patients with characteristic features of absence of ganglion cells, increased AChE activity in the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae, thick nerve fibers in the submucosa, and a lack of NADPH-d-positive fibers in muscularis mucosae. RSB in 59 (9%) patients presented features of intestinal neuronal dysplasia such as submucosal hyperganglionosis, giant ganglia, ectopic ganglia and increased AChE activity in lamina propria. Hypoganglionosis was suspected in nine (1.3%) children because of sparse or absent ganglion cells and low AChE and NAPDH-d activity in muscularis mucosae. Three patients (0.4%) developed bleeding following RSB, requiring diathermy of the bleeding point. Thus, we conclude that RSB is a simple and safe method when used as the first diagnostic approach in patients with chronic constipation. The combination of two histochemical stainings techniques provides a high level of accuracy in the diagnosis of intestinal dysganglionosis.
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PMID:Histochemical staining of rectal suction biopsies as the first investigation in patients with chronic constipation. 1846 82

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are chemicals of environmental concern due to their lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulable characteristics as well as for their potential endocrine disrupting role. Former studies carried out in a tributary of the Cinca river (Ebro basin, NE Spain) revealed high levels of PBDEs in fish due to the discharges of effluents rich in PBDEs coming from a nearby industrial park in Barbastro. In this study, several biomarkers of pollutants exposure were measured in barbel, Barbus graellsii, before (upstream) and after (downstream) the main industrial site (Barbastro) in the Vero river. The results evidenced an enhanced hepatic phase I and II metabolism (measured as reductases, glutathione S transferase and uridinediphospho-glucuronosyltransferase), and of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Conversely, fishes collected from downstream reaches had their phase I CYP1A dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, antioxidant diaphorase and brain cholinesterase activities depleted. In addition, the histological study of the liver and kidney of these fish evidenced an increase of the number and size of macrophage aggregates in most individuals collected downstream. Bivariate correlated analyses showed that the above mentioned biomarkers were correlated to measured PBDE congeners, thus indicating that the observed biological effects were unlikely to be related to other environmental factors than PBDEs. Overall, the measured biochemical and histological markers provide new evidence that in field exposed fish, PBDEs levels were associated with high activities of phase I and II metabolic enzymes, oxidative stress in liver, neurotoxicity in brain and histopathological effects in both liver and kidney.
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PMID:First evidence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (flame retardants) effects in feral barbel from the Ebro River basin (NE, Spain). 1859 16

The multifunctional, anti-Alzheimer drug, ladostigil (TV3326) [(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methyl carbamate] combines the neuroprotective effects of the anti-Parkinson drug, rasagiline, a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitor, with the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity of rivastigmine in a single molecule. Ladostigil has been shown to possess potent antiapoptotic and neuroprotective activities in various oxidative insults in vitro and in vivo, such as prevention of the fall in mitochondrial membrane potential and regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. In the present study, we demonstrate that ladostigil (1 microM) increased cell viability, associated with the increase of catalase activity and decrease of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to (hydrogen peroxide) H(2)O(2). Furthermore, ladostigil significantly elevated mRNA levels of the antioxidants enzymes, catalase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx 1) in H(2)O(2)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Chronic treatment with ladostigil (1 mg/kg gavage per day for 30 days) markedly up-regulated mRNA expression levels of various antioxidant enzymes in aged rat hippocampus (e.g. glutathione peroxidase precursor (GSHPX-P), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)). These findings indicate that in addition to its multiple neuroprotective characteristics, ladostigil also possesses antioxidant properties, which might be beneficial for the treatment of oxidative stress (OS) in aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:The neuroprotective effect of ladostigil against hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity. 1859 87

Recent studies have greatly increased our knowledge of telencephalic organization in ray-finned fishes and terrestrial vertebrates, particularly amphibians. In contrast, little new information has been generated on telencephalic organization in lobe-finned fishes. The coelacanth, Latimeria, and three genera of lungfishes constitute the living lobe-finned fishes. Latimeria is extremely rare and critically endangered, so the living lungfishes, therefore, offer the only feasible source of new information on telencephalic organization in lobe-finned fishes. A re-examination of the cytoarchitectonics of the telencephalon in the Spotted African Lungfish has allowed the generation of a new model of telencephalic organization in lungfishes. To begin to test this model, examination was made of the telencephalic distribution of acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin, the neurotensin-related hexapeptide LANT6, nitric oxide synthase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase), substance P, and tyrosine hydroxylase. This distribution supports the new model and suggests that the medial pallial-subpallial border, the striatopallidal systems, and the amygdalar organization in this lungfish are more similar to these features in terrestrial vertebrates than was previously suspected.
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PMID:Telencephalic organization in the spotted African Lungfish, Protopterus dolloi: a new cytological model. 1924 96

Several biomarkers indicative of stress were characterised in the crustaceans Aristeus antennatus and Nephrops norvegicus sampled off the Barcelona coast (NW Mediterranean). The biomarkers selected were cholinesterase (ChE) activities in muscle; and catalase, glutathione reductase (GR), total glutathione peroxidase (t-GPX), DT-diaphorase (DT-D), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carboxylesterases (CbEs) in hepatopancreas tissue. Lipid peroxidation (LP) levels and total protein yield (PY) were also determined in muscle and hepatopancreas tissues. The activities and levels are discussed in relation to species and season, and differences in these two factors were observed for most biomarkers. AChEs and pseudocholinesterases were present in the muscles of both crustaceans. Catalase and GST activities were higher in N. norvegicus, whereas GR and t-GPX activities varied according to the season. Hepatic CbE activities were similar in the two crustaceans, whereas LP levels and PY were different between species. Seasonality and species particularities are factors to consider when these crustaceans are used as sentinels.
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PMID:Characterisation of integrated stress biomarkers in two deep-sea crustaceans, Aristeus antennatus and Nephrops norvegicus, from the NW fishing grounds of the Mediterranean sea. 1932 Dec 4

The authors have evaluated the effects of Simvastatin on the lipid blood spectrum and nitric oxide in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). 100 patients with different types of glomerular disease were divided in two groups depending on the treatment scheme: Group B received the traditional therapy, Group A patients received traditional therapy + 20 mg Simvastatin per day. Nitric oxide radicals, NADPF-diaphorase, nitrate reductase, acetylcholinesterase enzymes, as well as total cholesterol, triglycerides, HD, LD, VLD lipoproteins concentration were assessed initially and after three month treatment. It was revealed that the treatment with statins taking into account types of dislipidemia could have an additional renoprotective effect in the patients with different types of chronic glomerular disease.
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PMID:[Effects of simvastatin therapy on the lipid blood spectrum and nitric oxide in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis]. 1966 18

Enteric co-innervation of striated muscle fibers in the esophagus occurs in several mammalian species including humans. However, the functional significance is still unknown. Phylogenetic data may be instrumental in gaining further insight. We examined the bat Glossophaga soricina and the shrew Suncus murinus as representatives for phylogenetically old mammals. As ruminants the antelope Tragelaphus imberbis, the he-goat Capra falconeri and the sheep Ovis aries were selected. As non-mammals the clawed frog Xenopus laevis as representative for the taxon amphibian and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as representative for the taxon fish were included. Histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase as well as immunofluorescence for vasoactive intestinal peptide and alpha-bungarotoxin were used to demonstrate enteric nerve fibers and motor endplates, respectively. Motor endplates were associated with enteric nerve fibers in all species investigated, although the rates of co-innervation varied from approximately 10 to 20% in shrew, antelope, he-goat, frog and fish, approximately 40% in bat to nearly 90% in sheep. These results demonstrate that enteric co-innervation, in spite of varying co-innervation rates, is conserved through vertebrate evolution, and underline the significance of this newly discovered innervation component.
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PMID:Enteric co-innervation of esophageal striated muscle fibers: a phylogenetic study. 1974 35

The mitral valve, as an active flap, forms the major part of the left ventricular inflow tract and therefore plays an important function in many aspects of left ventricular performance. The anterior leaflet of this valve is the largest and most ventrally placed of two leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the left atrioventricular orifice. Various neurotransmitters are responsible for different functions including controlling valve movement, inhibiting or causing the failure of impulse conduction in the valve and the sensation of pain. Nitric oxide acts as a gaseous free radical neurotransmitter, neuromediator and effective cardiovascular modulator. Acetyl-choline is known to function as a typical neurotransmitter. Histochemical methods for detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), as an indirect nitric oxide-synthase marker, and method for detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were used. Both methods were performed on the same valve sample. A widespread distribution of nerve fibres was observed in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The fine NADPH-d positive (nitrergic) nerve fibres were identified in all zones of valve leaflet. AChE positive (cholinergic) nerve fibres were identified forming dense network and fibres organized in stripes. Endocardial cells and vessels manifested heavy NADPH-d activity. Our observations suggest a different arrangement of nitrergic and cholinergic nerve fibres in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The presence of nitrergic and cholinergic activity confirms the involvement of both neurotransmitters in nerve plexuses and other structures of mitral valve.
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PMID:Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and AChE activity in the anterior leaflet of rat mitral valve. 2035 12

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be a freely diffusible gaseous neurotransmitter that is not requiring synaptic connection to exert its effects. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO synthesis can be visualised by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Other neurotransmitter is a classical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), regulated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that hydrolyses the acetylcholine after its releasing. This work is presenting results of histochemical study of the NADPH-d and AChE expression (nitrergic and cholinergic neurons) in the spinal cord (SC) during various periods in its development. Specimens from Wistar rat pups in the age ranging from 1st to 21st postnatal days (P1-P21) have been compared with those of adult rats (P90). Transverse sections of the SC were evaluated by light microscope. In adults, the NADPH-d positivity was detectable in the neurons of superficial and deep layers of the dorsal horn, pericentral area and in the area of preganglionic autonomic nuclei. AChE positive structures were seen in the same locations as previous ones with the exception of two locations: in superficial layers of the dorsal horn AChE staining was absent, while in the ventral horn the groups of AChE positive motoneurons were found. At the perinatal period both NADPH-d and AChE positive neurons were stained from slight to moderate intensity only. During later developmental periods the staining gradually increased and achieved adult level of intensity on the day P21. Our results confirmed the presence of nitrergic and cholinergic neurons in investigated areas of the SC and indicated their fully functioning of NADPH-d and AChE positive structures in SC from the third postnatal week.
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PMID:Postnatal development of nitrergic and cholinergic structures in rat spinal cord. 2202 90


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