Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.6.3.1 (NADPH oxidase)
 11,281 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The soluble hydrogenase (hydrogen: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2) from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 was purified 68-fold with a yield of 20% and a final specific activity (NAD reduction) of about 54 mumol H2 oxidized/min per mg protein. The enzyme was shown to be homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight and isoelectric point were determined to be 205 000 and 4.85 respectively. The oxidized hydrogenase, as purified under aerobic conditions, was of high stability but not reactive. Reductive activation of the enzyme by H2, in the presence of catalytic amounts of NADH, or by reducing agents caused the hydrogenase to become unstable. The purified enzyme, in its active state, was able to reduce NAD, FMN, FAD, menaquinone, ubiquinone, cytochrome c, methylene blue, methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, phenazine methosulfate, janus green, 2,6-dichlorophenoloindophenol, ferricyanide and even oxygen. In addition to hydrogenase activitiy, the enzyme exhibited also diaphorase and NAD(P)H oxidase activity. The reversibility of hydrogenase function (i.e. H2 evolution from NADH, methyl viologen and benzyl viologen) was demonstrated. With respect to H2 as substrate, hydrogenase showed negative cooperativity; the Hill coefficient was n = 0.4. The apparent Km value for H2 was found to be 0.037 mM. The absorption spectrum of hydrogenase was typical for non-heme iron proteins, showing maxima (shoulders) at 380 and 420 nm. A flavin component could be extracted from native hydrogenase characterized by its absorption bands at 375 and 447 nm and a strong fluorescense at 526 nm.
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PMID:Purification and properties of soluble hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. 18 26

The formation of oxygen radicals by phagocytic cells occurs through the activation of a multiple-component NADPH oxidase system. An unidentified low molecular weight GTP-binding protein has been proposed to modulate the activity of the NADPH oxidase. The low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins undergo posttranslational processing, including an initial covalent incorporation of an isoprenyl group. To test whether such an isoprenylation reaction might be required for the activity of the oxidase, we utilized compactin and lovastatin as inhibitors of the isoprenylation pathway. Treatment of DMSO-differentiated HL-60 cells with compactin produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of O2- formation in response to FMLP or phorbol myristate acetate. Cell viability was not affected nor was normal differentiation of the HL-60 cells into a neutrophil-like cell. The inhibitory effect of compactin was specifically prevented by addition of exogenous mevalonic acid to the HL-60 cells, indicating that the inhibitory effects of the drug were due to blockade of the pathway leading to isoprenoid synthesis. Addition of cholesterol, ubiquinone, or dolichol, which are also downstream products of the isoprenoid pathway, did not override the inhibitory effects of the drug. Subcellular fractions were prepared from compactin-treated cells, and the location of the compactin-sensitive factor was determined by complementation analysis in a cell-free NADPH oxidase system. The inhibited factor was localized to the HL-60 cytosol. These data suggest that an isoprenoid pathway intermediate is necessary for activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. This is likely to represent the requirement for an isoprenoid moiety in the posttranslational modification of a low molecular weight GTP-binding protein. Our studies provide support for the involvement of such a low molecular weight GTP-binding protein in NADPH oxidase activation.
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PMID:Isoprenoid metabolism is required for stimulation of the respiratory burst oxidase of HL-60 cells. 131 Jun 93

The reduction of ubiquinone-5 (Q1) by the phagocytosis-specific NADPH oxidase of guinea pig macrophages was not inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD) at concentrations usually used for O2- assay but was inhibited at about 100-times higher concentrations. Titration of the reaction with SOD and a comparison with that of xanthine oxidase showed that the inhibition was not due to the semiquinone oxidation accelerated by a removal of O2- but due to the accelerated dismutation of O2- which otherwise reduces the quinone. Molecular oxygens are therefore preferential electron acceptors in the NADPH oxidase even in the presence of Q1.
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PMID:Ubiquinone-5 is reduced by superoxide in the aerobic state by NADPH oxidase of guinea pig macrophages. 298 7

The reduction of NADH:Q oxidoreductase by NADPH occurring in submitochondrial particles has been studied with the freeze-quench technique. It was found that 50% of the Fe-S clusters 2, 3 and 4 could be reduced by NADPH within 30 ms at pH 6.5. The remainder of the clusters, including cluster 1, were reduced slowly and incompletely; it was concluded that these clusters play no role in the NADPH oxidase activity. Nearly the same results were obtained at pH 8 under anaerobic conditions, demonstrating that the rate of reaction of NADPH with the enzyme was essentially the same at both pH values. The rate and extent of reduction of half of the clusters 2 by NADPH at pH 8 were not affected by the presence of O2 of rotenone. This implies a pH-dependent oxidation of the enzyme as the cause for the absence of the NADPH oxidase activity at this pH. A dimeric model of the enzyme is proposed in which one protomer, containing FMN and the Fe-S clusters 1-4 in stoichiometric amounts, is responsible for NADH oxidation at pH 8. This protomer cannot react with NADPH. The other protomer, containing only FMN and the clusters 2, 3 and 4, is supposed to catalyse the oxidation of NADPH. The oxidation of this protomer by ubiquinone is expected to be strongly dependent on pH. This protomer might also catalyse NADH oxidation at pH 6-6.5.
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PMID:Evidence for two independent pathways of electron transfer in mitochondrial NADH:Q oxidoreductase. I. Pre-steady-state kinetics with NADPH. 301 6

The stimulation-specific NADPH-dependent reduction of ubiquinone-1 (Q-1) in guinea-pig macrophages was studied. The activity was due neither to any modified product of the phagocytosis-specific NADPH oxidase nor to non-specific diaphorases of the cells, since the activity was measured in sonicated or detergent-disrupted cells by subtracting the activity in the resting cells from that in cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The activity was not mediated by superoxide anions, since strict anaerobic conditions were employed. The anaerobic reduction of Q-1 was NADPH-specific, like superoxide formation under aerobic conditions, and its maximal velocity was also essentially the same as that of superoxide formation. The oxidase does not directly reduce Q-1 under aerobic conditions [Nakamura, Murakami, Umei & Minakami (1985) FEBS Lett. 186, 215-218], and the electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome c by the oxidase under aerobic conditions was not enhanced by the addition of Q-1. The observations indicate that the phagocytosis-specific NADPH oxidase reduces Q-1 and that oxygen competes with the reduction of Q-1. Q-1 seems to accept electrons not from the intermediary electron carriers of the oxidase but from the terminal oxygen-reducing site of the enzyme.
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PMID:NADPH oxidase of guinea-pig macrophages catalyses the reduction of ubiquinone-1 under anaerobic conditions. 302 22

Phagocytic vesicles with superoxide-forming NADPH oxidase activity were obtained from human monocytes phagocytosing oil droplets. The superoxide-forming activity in the monocyte vesicles increased for the first 5 min during incubation with oil droplets and remained constant for 30 min. NADPH-dependent activities of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) reduction and ubiquinone-1 (Q1) reduction were found in the vesicles and the activities were closely associated with the superoxide-forming oxidase. The values of apparent Km for NADPH of these three activities were essentially the same and the activities were inhibited with a similar pattern by p-chloromercuribenzoate and a cationic detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The activities were extremely labile and the DCIP reductase activity was most labile. The superoxide-forming oxidase and the Q1 reductase could be extracted with a mixture of deoxycholate and Tween-20. The extracted activities were not enhanced by the addition of FAD.
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PMID:NADPH-dependent superoxide-forming oxidase in phagocytic vesicles of human monocytes. 374 37

NADPH-dependent ubiquinone-1 reductase activity was present in the phagocytic vesicles of pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The apparent Km-value of the reductase for NADPH was 29 microM which is similar to that of the NADPH-dependent superoxide formation. Increase of the quinone-reductase activity by increasing the concentrations of ubiquinone-1 was associated with the decrease of the superoxide forming activity, the rate of the NADPH oxidation being constant independent of the quinone concentration. p-Chloromercuribenzoate inhibited both superoxide formation and reduction of the quinone, whereas low concentrations of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide which inhibit the superoxide formation did not inhibit the reduction of the quinone. The reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol which has been shown not to be inhibited by both inhibitors. The quinone-reductase activity could be extracted with a mixture of deoxycholate and Tween 20 which extracts the superoxide forming activity. The observations indicate that a region of the superoxide-forming NADPH oxidase between a mercurial-sensitive site and a site sensitive to the cationic detergent is responsible for the reduction of ubiquinone.
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PMID:NADPH-dependent reduction of ubiquinone-1 associated with the superoxide-forming oxidase of pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes. 642 94

The superoxide (O2.-)-forming enzyme NADPH oxidase from pig neutrophils was solubilized and partially purified by gel-filtration chromatography. The purification procedure allowed the separation of NADPH oxidase activity from NADH-dependent cytochrome c reductase and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol reductase activities. O2.-forming activity was co-purified with cytochrome b-245 and was associated with phospholipids. However, active fractions endowed with cytochrome b were devoid of ubiquinone and contained only little FAD. The cytochrome b/FAD ratio was 1.13:1 in the crude solubilized extract and increased to 18.95:1 in the partially purified preparations. Most of FAD was associated with fractions containing NADH-dependent oxidoreductases. These results are consistent with the postulated role of cytochrome b in O2.-formation by neutrophil NADPH oxidase, but raise doubts about the participation of flavoproteins in this enzyme activity.
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PMID:Composition of partially purified NADPH oxidase from pig neutrophils. 643 85

NADPH oxidase activity, in addition to NADH oxidase activity, has been shown to be present in the respiratory chain of Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, we tried to purify NADPH oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase activities from the membranes of C. glutamicum. Both the enzyme activities were simultaneously purified in the same fraction, and the purified enzyme was shown to be a single polypeptide of 55 kDa. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme was consistent with the sequence deduced from the NADH dehydrogenase gene of C. glutamicum, which has been sequenced and shown to be a homolog of NADH dehydrogenase II. In addition to high NADH-ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase activity at neutral pH, the purified enzyme showed relatively high NADPH oxidase and NADPH-ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase activities at acidic pH. Thus, NADH dehydrogenase of C. glutamicum was shown to be rather unique in having a relatively high reactivity toward NADPH.
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PMID:NADH dehydrogenase of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Purification of an NADH dehydrogenase II homolog able to oxidize NADPH. 1173 Nov 34

Endothelial cells exhibit an autonomous proliferative response to hypoxia, independent of paracrine effectors. In cultured endothelial cells of porcine aorta, we analyzed the signaling of this response, with a focus on the roles of redox signaling and the MEK/ERK pathway. Transient hypoxia (1 hour) stimulated proliferation by 61+/-4% (n=16; P<0.05 versus control), quantified after 24 hours normoxic postincubation. Hypoxia induced an activation of ERK2 and of NAD(P)H oxidase and a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), determined by DCF fluorescence. To inhibit the MEK/ERK pathway, we used PD 98059 (PD, 20 micromol/L); to downregulate NAD(P)H oxidase, we applied p22phox antisense oligonucleotides; and to inhibit mitochondrial ROS generation, we used the ubiquinone derivate mitoQ (MQ, 10 micromol/L). All three inhibitions suppressed the proliferative response: PD inhibited NAD(P)H oxidase activation; p22phox antisense transfection did not inhibit ERK2 activation, but suppressed ROS production; and MQ inhibited ERK2 activation and ROS production. The autonomous proliferative response depends on the MEK/ERK pathway and redox signaling steps upstream and downstream of ERK. Located upstream is ROS generation by mitochondria, downstream is NAD(P)H oxidase.
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PMID:Role of redox signaling in the autonomous proliferative response of endothelial cells to hypoxia. 1269 38


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