Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.6.3.1 (NADPH oxidase)
11,281 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) plays a critical role in the development of heart failure that is known to involve apoptosis. How MCP-1 contributes to cell death involved in the development of heart disease is not understood. In the present study we show that MCP-1 causes death in cardiac myoblasts, H9c2 cells, by inducing oxidative stress which causes ER stress leading to autophagy via a novel zinc-finger protein, MCPIP (MCP-1-induced protein). MCPIP expression caused cell death, and knockdown of MCPIP attenuated MCP-1-induced cell death. It caused induction of iNOS (inducible NO synthase), translocation of the NADPH oxidase subunit phox47 from the cytoplasm to the membrane, production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), and induction of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress markers HSP40 (heat-shock protein 40), PDI (protein disulfide-isomerase), GRP78 (guanine-nucleotide-releasing protein 78) and IRE1alpha (inositol-requiring enzyme 1alpha). It also caused autophagy, as indicated by beclin-1 induction, cleavage of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) and autophagolysosome formation, and apoptosis, as indicated by caspase 3 activation and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) assay. Inhibitors of oxidative stress, including CeO2 nanoparticles, inhibited ROS formation, ER stress, autophagy and cell death. Specific inhibitors of ER stress inhibited autophagy and cell death as did knockdown of the ER stress signalling protein IRE1. Knockdown of beclin-1 and autophagy inhibitors prevented cell death. This cell death involved caspase 2 and caspase 12, as specific inhibitors of these caspases prevented MCPIP-induced cell death. Microarray analysis showed that MCPIP expression caused induction of a variety of genes known to be involved in cell death. MCPIP caused activation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 and induction of p53 and PUMA (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis). Taken together, these results suggest that MCPIP induces ROS/RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production that causes ER stress which leads to autophagy and apoptosis through caspase 2/12 and IRE1alpha-JNK/p38-p53-PUMA pathway. These results provide the first molecular insights into the mechanism by which elevated MCP-1 levels associated with chronic inflammation may contribute to the development of heart failure.
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PMID:MCP-1 causes cardiomyoblast death via autophagy resulting from ER stress caused by oxidative stress generated by inducing a novel zinc-finger protein, MCPIP. 1992 54

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in ethanol-induced apoptosis and teratogenesis. However, the major sources of ROS in ethanol-exposed embryos have remained undefined. This study was conducted to determine the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse embryos. Analyses of mRNA expression indicated that ethanol treatment resulted in a significant increase in mRNA expression of NOX catalytic subunit Duox-1 in gestational day 9 (GD 9:0) mouse embryos. Ethanol exposure also resulted in significant increases in mRNA expression of NOX regulatory subunits, p22phox, p67phox, NOXA1 and NOXO1. In addition, a significant increase in NOX enzyme activity was found in the ethanol-exposed embryos as compared to controls. Co-treatment with the NOX inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), significantly prevented ethanol-induced increases in NOX enzyme activity, ROS generation and oxidative DNA damage in ethanol-exposed embryos. DPI treatment also resulted in a reduction in caspase-3 activation, decreased caspase-3 activity and diminished prevalence of apoptosis in ethanol-exposed embryos. These results support the hypothesis that NOX is a critical source of ROS in ethanol-exposed embryos and that it plays an important role in ethanol-induced oxidative stress and pathogenesis.
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PMID:The role of NOX enzymes in ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse embryos. 2002 59

Although glial cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases by exacerbating neuronal and non-neuronal cell death, the mechanisms involved are unclear. We examined the effects of microglia-(MCM) or astrocyte-(ACM) conditioned media obtained by chemical ischemia on the neuronal injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Chemical ischemia was induced by the treatment with NaN(3) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose for 2h. MCM-treated SH-SY5Y cells showed reduced the viability, increased caspase-3 activity, decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and increased cytochrome c release, increased inflammatory cytokines, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. MCM also increased gp91phox nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, which was inhibited by NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, and gp91phox siRNA. However, ACM did not show any significant changes. The results suggest that microglia activated by ischemic insult may increase reactive oxygen species generation via activation of gp91phox NADPH oxidase, resulting in neuronal injury.
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PMID:Ischemia-activated microglia induces neuronal injury via activation of gp91phox NADPH oxidase. 2003 16

Ketoprofen (KP) is photolabile and undergoes degradation when irradiated by sunlight, causing the development of various skin diseases. In this study, we found that UVB-irradiated KP can lead to inflammatory responses mediated by the induction of COX-2 and production of PGE(2). The ability of cells to repair UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was impaired by UVB-irradiated KP, which consequently facilitated UVB-induced DNA damage to keratinocytes. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the photodegradation of KP facilitate UVB-induced inflammation and apoptosis in HaCaT cells. Elevation of the COX-2 levels was inhibited by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and an NF-kappaB inhibitor but was largely enhanced after glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine. Inhibition of ERK1/2, p38, and PI3K signaling attenuated the induction of COX-2, whereas inhibition of JNK signaling by SP600125 had very little effect. UVB-irradiated KP provoked an appreciable accumulation of pSer(15)-p53/COX-2 complexes, but this nuclear association of complexes was partially inhibited by PD98059. Silencing of COX-2 with siRNA was associated with reduced p53 phosphorylation and enhanced KP-photoinduced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. This induction of apoptosis was prevented by N-acetylcysteine. In conclusion, this study highlights the particular inflammatory response to a photooxidative drug and suggests that KP-photoinduced inflammatory responses are predominantly attributable to induction of ROS generation and directly impair DNA repair.
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PMID:Photoinflammatory responses to UV-irradiated ketoprofen mediated by the induction of ROS generation, enhancement of cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and regulation of multiple signaling pathways. 2003 33

Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of granzyme B (gzmB)-mediated pro-apoptotic processes and target cell death. However, it is unclear to what extent the generated ROS derive from mitochondrial and/or extra-mitochondrial sources. To clarify this point, we have produced a mutant EL4 cell line, termed EL4-rho(0), which lacks mitochondrial DNA, associated with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and a defective ROS production through the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. When incubated with either recombinant gzmB plus streptolysin or ex vivo gzmB(+) cytotoxic T cells, EL4-rho(0) cells showed phosphatydylserine translocation, caspase 3 activation, Bak conformational change, cytochrome c release and apoptotic morphology comparable to EL4 cells. Moreover, EL4-rho(0) cells produced ROS at levels similar to EL4 under these conditions. GzmB-mediated ROS production was almost totally abolished in both cell lines by the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. However, addition of apocynin, a specific inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, led to a significant reduction of ROS production and cell death only in EL4-rho(0) but not EL4 cells. These data suggest that gzmB-induced cell death is accompanied by a caspase-dependent pathway of extra-mitochondrial ROS production, most probably through activation of NADPH oxidase.
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PMID:Granzyme B of cytotoxic T cells induces extramitochondrial reactive oxygen species production via caspase-dependent NADPH oxidase activation. 2023 55

The pathophysiological relevance of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-induced endothelial cell injury remains unclear. The main objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of GSNO-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Morphological evaluation through DAPI staining and propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. In cultured EA.hy926 endothelial cells, exposure to GSNO led to a time- and dose-dependent apoptotic cascade. When intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured in GSNO-treated cells with the fluorescent probes 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, we observed elevated ROS levels and a concomitant loss in mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that GSNO-induced death signaling is mediated through a ROS-mitochondrial pathway. Importantly, we found that peroxynitrite formation and Omi/HtrA2 release from mitochondria were involved in this phenomenon, whereas changes of death-receptor dependent signaling were not detected in the same context. The inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation and Omi/HtrA2 by a pharmacological approach provided significant protection against caspase-3 activation and GSNO-induced cell death, confirming that GSNO triggers the death cascade in endothelial cells in a mitochondria-dependent manner. Taken together, our results indicate that ROS overproduction and loss of mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 play a pivotal role in reactive nitrogen species-induced cell death, and the modulation of these pathways can be of significant therapeutic benefit.
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PMID:The induction of reactive oxygen species and loss of mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 is associated with S-nitrosoglutathione-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells. 2015 46

The aim of the study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect and mechanism of Crataegus oxycantha (COC) extract, a well-known natural antioxidant-based cardiotonic, against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies showed that COC extract was capable of scavenging superoxide, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals, in vitro. The cardioprotective efficacy of the extract was studied in a crystalloid perfused heart model of I/R injury. Hearts were subjected to 30min of global ischemia followed by 45min of reperfusion. During reperfusion, COC extract was infused at a dose rate of 1mg/ml/min for 10min. Hearts treated with COC extract showed a significant recovery in cardiac contractile function, reduction in infarct size, and decrease in creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. The expressions of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase were significantly reduced in the treated group. A significant upregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Hsp70 with simultaneous downregulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 was observed. The molecular signaling cascade including phospho-Akt (ser-473) and HIF-1alpha that lead to the activation or suppression of apoptotic pathway also showed a significant protective role in the treatment group. No significant change in phospho-p38 levels was observed. The results suggested that the COC extract may reduce the oxidative stress in the reperfused myocardium, and play a significant role in the inhibition of apoptotic pathways leading to cardioprotection.
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PMID:Cardioprotective properties of Crataegus oxycantha extract against ischemia-reperfusion injury. 2017 Oct 68

Acrolein is a highly electrophilic alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde to which humans are exposed in many situations and has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. A galloyl dimer prorobinetinidin from Acacia mearnsii De Wild, robinetinidol-(4beta-->8)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (REO), has antioxidant properties and could protect brain against acrolein-induced oxidative damage. In this study, the molecular basis of acrolein-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and the modulating effects of REO were examined. Our results indicate that REO protects SH-SY5Y cells from acrolein-induced damage by the attenuation of reactive oxygen species, the remediation of NADPH oxidase activity, the enhancement of the glutathione system, and the prevention of protein oxidation/nitration and lipid peroxidation. In order to determine the effects of REO on mitochondrial events, mitochondrial membrane potentials (Delta Psim) and caspase cascades downstream of mitochondria were assessed. REO inhibited the collapse of Delta Psi m, suggesting that REO reduces the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with acrolein treatment. REO also inhibited caspase-3 activation, which can be triggered by mitochondrial malfunctions. Furthermore, REO induced a significant reduction in the level of phospho-JNK, which is known as an apoptotic mediator in acrolein-induced neuronal cell death. Our results indicate that REO protects neurons from the deleterious effects of acrolein via the attenuation of oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase activity, GSH depletion, protein oxidation/nitration, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, JNK activation, and caspase activity. These findings suggest that REO could be potentially useful as a protective agent for people exposed to acrolein.
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PMID:Robinetinidol-(4beta-->8)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, a galloyl dimer prorobinetinidin from Acacia mearnsii De Wild, effectively protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against acrolein-induced oxidative damage. 2055 45

We investigated the effects of antcin A, antcin C, and methyl antcinate A (MAA) isolated from Antrodia camphorata on the proliferation of human liver cancer cell lines Huh7, HepG2, and Hep3B and the normal cell rat hepatocytes. The three compounds selectively inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells rather than normal cells, with IC(50) values ranging from 30.2 to 286.4 microM. The compound MAA was a more potent cytotoxic agent than antcins A and C with IC(50) values of 52.2, 78.0, and 30.2 microM against HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 cells, respectively. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, treatment of Huh7 cells with 100 microM MAA induced an apoptotic cell death, which was characterized by the appearance of sub-G1 population, DNA fragmentation, TUNEL positive cells, and caspase activation. MAA triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as indicated by an increase in the protein expression of Bax, Bak, and PUMA, as well as a decrease in Bcl-(XL) and Bcl-2 and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and promotion of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, as well as activation of caspases-2, -3, and -9. We also found that pretreatment with inhibitors of caspases-2, -3, and -9 noticeably blocked MAA-triggered apoptosis. Furthermore, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NADPH oxidase activation were observed in MAA-stimulated Huh7 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that MAA induces mitochondrial translocation of cofilin. When Huh7 cells were treated with cyclosporine A and bongkrekic acid, an inhibitor of the mitochondria permeability transition pore, the levels of cell death induced by MAA were significantly attenuated. Additionally, pretreatment of Huh7 cells with antioxidants ascorbic acid and N-acetyl cysteine markedly attenuated the MAA-induced apoptosis by upregulation of Bax, Bak, and PUMA, mitochondrial translocation of cofilin, activation of caspase-3, and cell death. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence of the activation of the ROS-dependent cofilin- and Bax-triggered mitochondrial pathway as a critical mechanism of MAA-induced cell death in liver cancer cells.
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PMID:Methyl antcinate A from Antrodia camphorata induces apoptosis in human liver cancer cells through oxidant-mediated cofilin- and Bax-triggered mitochondrial pathway. 2055 81

Objectives. Using apocynin (inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), and Mitoquinol 10 nitrate (MitoQ; mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant), we addressed the importance of mitochondria versus NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in glucose-induced apoptosis of pericytes. Methods. NADPH oxidase was localised using Western blot analysis and cytochrome C reduction assay. Apoptosis was detected by measuring caspase-3 activity. Intracellular glucose concentration, ROS formation and Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) content were measured using Amplex Red assay kit, dihydroethidium (DHE), and competitive immunoabsorbant enzyme-linked assay (ELISA), respectively. Results. NADPH oxidase was localised in the cytoplasm of pericytes suggesting ROS production within intracellular compartments. High glucose (25 mM) significantly increased apoptosis, intracellular glucose concentration, and CML content. Apoptosis was associated with increased gp91phox expression, activity of NADPH oxidase, and intracellular ROS production. Apocynin and not MitoQ significantly blunted the generation of ROS, formation of intracellular CML and apoptosis. Conclusions. NADPH oxidase and not mitochondria-derived ROS is responsible for the accelerated apoptosis of pericytes in diabetic retinopathy.
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PMID:NADPH Oxidase versus Mitochondria-Derived ROS in Glucose-Induced Apoptosis of Pericytes in Early Diabetic Retinopathy. 2065 59


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