Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Pivot Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Query: EC:1.6.3.1 (
NADPH oxidase
)
11,281
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
Thyroid hormone biosynthesis depends on iodide uptake and its incorporation into the acceptor protein thyroglobulin (Tg), a high molecular weight protein secreted into the follicular lumen. The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is responsible for thyroid iodide uptake, the first step in thyroid hormonogenesis. Iodide is subsequently transported through the cellular membrane by pendrin (
PDS
) and then incorporated into Tg. Iodide oxidation and organification occur mainly in the thyrocyte apical surface and these reactions are catalyzed by thyroperoxidase (TPO) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, thyroid iodide organification depends on TPO activity, which is modulated by the concentration of substrates (thyroglobulin and iodide) and cofactor (hydrogen peroxide). Hydrogen peroxide generation is catalyzed by the
thyroid NADPH oxidase
(ThOx), which is present in the apical pole of thyrocytes, is stimulated by thyrotropin and is inhibited by iodide. Hydrogen peroxide generation is the limiting step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis under iodine sufficiency conditions.
...
PMID:[Enzymes involved in thyroid iodide organification]. 1561 14
Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common neonatal metabolic disorder and results in severe neurodevelopmental impairment and infertility if untreated. Congenital hypothyroidism is usually sporadic but up to 2% of thyroid dysgenesis is familial, and congenital hypothyroidism caused by organification defects is often recessively inherited. The candidate genes associated with this genetically heterogeneous disorder form two main groups: those causing thyroid gland dysgenesis and those causing dyshormonogenesis. Genes associated with thyroid gland dysgenesis include the TSH receptor in non-syndromic congenital hypothyroidism, and Gsalpha and the thyroid transcription factors (TTF-1, TTF-2, and Pax-8), associated with different complex syndromes that include congenital hypothyroidism. Among those causing dyshormonogenesis, the thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin genes were initially described, and more recently
PDS
(Pendred syndrome), NIS (sodium iodide symporter), and
THOX2
(
thyroid oxidase 2
) gene defects. There is also early evidence for a third group of congenital hypothyroid conditions associated with iodothyronine transporter defects associated with severe neurological sequelae. This review focuses on the genetic aspects of primary congenital hypothyroidism.
...
PMID:Genetics of congenital hypothyroidism. 1586 66
Background:
It has been demonstrated that preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific hypertension disorder, is characterized by high blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic overactivity. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a key region for controlling sympathetic tone, has been reported to contribute to high level of BP and sympathetic outflow. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the RVLM ROS in mediating the preeclampsia-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.
Methods:
The animal model of preeclampsia was produced by administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) to pregnant rats.
Results:
Compared with normal pregnant rats without DOCA treatment (NP), the protein concentration and norepinephrine excretion in 24-h urine, as well as BP in pregnant rats with DOCA treatment (
PDS
) were significantly increased. The levels of superoxide anion and the protein expression of
NADPH oxidase
subtype (NOX4) in the RVLM were significantly increased in
PDS
than in NP groups. Furthermore, microinjection of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic Tempol (5 nmol) into the RVLM significantly decreased BP, heart rate, and renal sympathetic never activity in
PDS
but not in NP group.
Conclusion:
The present data suggest that high BP and sympathetic overactivity in preeclampsia rats is associated with increased oxidative stress in the RVLM via upregulation of NOX4 expression.
...
PMID:Oxidative Stress in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Contributes To Cardiovascular Regulation in Preeclampsia. 2908 2
Autophagy, an evolutionally conserved cellular degradation process, plays critical roles in plant development and stress response. Despite the wealth of information on the vital role of autophagy in responses to environmental stresses, little is known about the regulation of autophagy. In this study, we demonstrated that spermidine (Spd), a kind of polyamine, was involved in the regulation of salt tolerance through activating the expression of
ATG
(autophagy-related) genes and the formation of autophagosomes in cucumber under salt stress. Furthermore,
NADPH oxidase
-derived apoplastic H
2
O
2
-mediated Spd-induced salt tolerance and autophagy. Exogenous Spd significantly increased the tolerance to salt stress and inhibited the accumulation and ubiquitination of insoluble proteins. Foliar application of Spd promoted the transcript levels of
ATG
genes and autophagosomes formation. Besides, Spd induced the expression of
RBOH
(respiratory burst oxidase homolog), and the accumulation of H
2
O
2
both in leaves and roots. However, either pretreatment with dimethylthiourea (DMTU, an H
2
O
2
scavenger) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an inhibitor of
NADPH oxidase
) reduced Spd-induced accumulation of apoplastic H
2
O
2
. Importantly, Spd-induced salt tolerance and autophagy were compromised when plants were pretreated with DMTU or DPI. Furthermore, the silencing of
ATG4
and
ATG7
reduced Spd-induced salt tolerance and autophagosomes formation. Taken together, these results revealed that
RBOH
-dependent H
2
O
2
mediated the Spd-induced autophagy and salt tolerance in cucumber.
Abbreviations
:Asat: light-saturated rate of CO
2
assimilation; ATG: autophagy-related; DCF-DA: 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; DMTU: dimethylthiourea; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium chloride; DW: dry weight; EL: electrolyte leakage; FW: fresh weight; Fv/Fm: the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MDC: monodansylcadaverine;
PDS
: phytoene desaturase; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PLD: phospholipase D; RBOH: respiratory burst oxidase homolog; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SIN1: salt induced NAC1; Spd: spermidine; TOR: target of rapamycin; VIGS: virus-induced gene silencing.
...
PMID:Hydrogen peroxide mediates spermidine-induced autophagy to alleviate salt stress in cucumber. 3317 24
