Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.6.3.1 (NADPH oxidase)
 11,281 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent studies indicate that arsenic may generate reactive oxygen species to exert its toxicity. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that arsenite is able to induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; however, arsenate is unable to do so. An increase of intracellular peroxide levels was accompanied with arsenite-induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by flow cytometry using DCFH-DA. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (a thiol-containing antioxidant), diphenylene iodonium (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), 4,5-dihydro-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid (a selective scavenger of O2-), and catalase significantly inhibit arsenite-induced apoptosis and intracellular fluorescence intensity. In contrast, allopurinol (an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase), indomethacin (an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase), superoxide dismutase, or PDTC had no effect on arsenite-induced cell death. Activation of CPP32 activity, PARP (a DNA repair enzyme) degradation, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol are involved in arsenite-induced apoptosis, and Bcl-2 antagonize arsenite-induced apoptosis by a mechanism that interferes in the activity of CPP32. These results lead to a working hypothesis that arsenite-induced apoptosis is triggered by the generation of hydrogen peroxide through activation of flavoprotein-dependent superoxide-producing enzymes (such as NADPH oxidase), and hydrogen peroxide might play a role as a mediator to induce apoptosis through release of cytochrome c to cytosol, activation of CPP32 protease, and PARP degradation.
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PMID:Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase 3 activation in arsenite-induced apoptosis. 976 29

Recently, it has become apparent that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can rapidly initiate apoptosis independent of mutations, although the mechanism involved remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, angiotensin II-mediated apoptosis was studied in cells that were transduced with a lentiviral vector to overexpress the DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine glycosylase or were treated with inhibitors known to block angiotensin II-induced mtDNA damage. Cells exhibiting angiotensin II-induced mtDNA damage showed two phases of superoxide generation, the first derived from NAD(P)H oxidase and the second of mitochondrial origin, whereas cells prevented from experiencing mtDNA damage importantly exhibited only the first phase. Furthermore, cells with mtDNA damage demonstrated impairments in mitochondrial protein expression, cellular respiration, and complex 1 activity before the onset of the second phase of oxidation. After the second phase, the mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed, cytochrome c was released, and the cells underwent apoptosis, all of which were prevented by disrupting mtDNA damage. Collectively, these data reveal a novel mechanism of apoptosis that is initiated when mtDNA damage triggers mitochondrial superoxide generation and ultimately the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition. This novel mechanism may play an important pathological role.
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PMID:Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers mitochondrial-superoxide generation and apoptosis. 1807 3