Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase)
 5,819 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Replication of the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) initiates near a fragment of stably bent DNA that binds multiple cellular factors. Investigation of protein interactions with the dhfr bent DNA sequences revealed a novel nuclear protein that also binds to domain B of the yeast origin of replication, the autonomously replicating sequence ARS1. The origin-specific DNA-binding activity was purified 9,000-fold from HeLa cell nuclear extract in five chromatographic steps. Protein-DNA cross-linking experiments showed that a 60-kDa polypeptide, which we call RIP60, contained the origin-specific DNA-binding activity. Oligonucleotide displacement assays showed that highly purified fractions of RIP60 also contained an ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity. Covalent radiolabeling with ATP indicated that the DNA helicase activity resided in a 100-kDa polypeptide, RIP100. The cofractionation of an ATP-dependent DNA helicase with an origin-specific DNA-binding activity suggests that RIP60 and RIP100 may be involved in initiation of chromosomal DNA synthesis in mammalian cells.
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PMID:Purification of RIP60 and RIP100, mammalian proteins with origin-specific DNA-binding and ATP-dependent DNA helicase activities. 217 3

Experimental studies of complete mammalian genes and other genetic domains are impeded by the difficulty of introducing large DNA molecules into cells in culture. Previously we have shown that GST-Z2, a protein that contains three zinc fingers and a proline-rich multimerization domain from the polydactyl zinc finger protein RIP60 fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST), mediates DNA binding and looping in vitro. Atomic force microscopy showed that GST-Z2 is able to condense 130-150 kb bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) into protein-DNA complexes containing multiple DNA loops. Condensation of the DNA loops onto the Z2 protein-BAC DNA core complexes with cationic lipid resulted in particles that were readily transferred into multiple cell types in culture. Transfer of total genomic linear DNA containing amplified DHFR genes into DHFR(-) cells by GST-Z2 resulted in a 10-fold higher transformation rate than calcium phosphate co-precipitation. Chinese hamster ovarian cells transfected with a BAC containing the human TP53 gene locus expressed p53, showing native promoter elements are active after GST-Z2-mediated gene transfer. Because DNA condensation by GST-Z2 does not require the introduction of specific recognition sequences into the DNA substrate, condensation by the Z2 domain of RIP60 may be used in conjunction with a variety of other agents to provide a flexible and efficient non-viral platform for the delivery of large genes into mammalian cells.
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PMID:Condensation by DNA looping facilitates transfer of large DNA molecules into mammalian cells. 1132 83

A small DNA fragment containing the high-frequency initiation region (IR) ori-beta from the hamster dihydrofolate reductase locus functions as an independent replicator in ectopic locations in both hamster and human cells. Conversely, a fragment of the human lamin B2 locus containing the previously mapped IR serves as an independent replicator at ectopic chromosomal sites in hamster cells. At least four defined sequence elements are specifically required for full activity of ectopic ori-beta in hamster cells. These include an AT-rich element, a 4-bp sequence located within the mapped IR, a region of intrinsically bent DNA located between these two elements, and a RIP60 protein binding site adjacent to the bent region. The ori-beta AT-rich element is critical for initiation activity in human, as well as hamster, cells and can be functionally substituted for by an AT-rich region from the human lamin B2 IR that differs in nucleotide sequence and length. Taken together, the results demonstrate that two mammalian replicators can be activated at ectopic sites in chromosomes of another mammal and lead us to speculate that they may share functionally related elements.
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PMID:Defined sequence modules and an architectural element cooperate to promote initiation at an ectopic mammalian chromosomal replication origin. 1512 36

Oribeta, an origin of replication 3' to Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene, contains several sequence elements that function as components of a chromosomal replicator. Here we have examined sensitivity to KMnO(4) in vitro and in living cells of three regions within dhfr oribeta which contribute to replicator function: the origin of bidirectional DNA replication (OBR) that serves as an initiation site for DNA synthesis, a stably bent DNA region that binds activator protein one (AP-1) and RIP60 in vitro, and an AT-rich region that contains a dA/dT(23) dinucleotide repeat that has properties of a DNA unwinding element. The in vitro patterns of KMnO(4) modification in linear plasmid differed from that in supercoiled plasmid most prominently in the dA/dT(23) repeat, with evidence of palindrome extrusion in supercoiled plasmid. Although palindrome extrusion was not detected in genomic DNA during the cell cycle, the pattern of genomic DNA modification within the dA/dT(23) repeat differed substantially from that of either linear or plasmid DNA in vitro. An AT-rich region that borders the dA/dT repeat was also highly sensitive to modification by KMnO(4) in cells. Within the bent DNA region, the patterns of chemical modification of both the AP-1 and RIP60 sites differed between plasmid and genomic DNA, and minor differences in the in vitro and cellular modification patterns also were observed for the OBR. Nonetheless, there was little evidence of cell cycle-specific modifications in any sequence examined. These studies suggest that sequences within dhfr oribeta adopt specific conformations in cells, with the most prominent changes in the AT-rich region associated with the dA/dT(23) repeat and DNA unwinding.
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PMID:Chemical footprinting of structural and functional elements of dhfr oribeta during the CHOC 400 cell cycle. 1514 63