Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase)
 5,819 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The beta subunit of the human fibronectin receptor (FNRB) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the VLA (very late antigens of activation) family. Using pGEM-32, a 2.5-kb partial cDNA clone corresponding to the 3' portion of the human FNRB locus, multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were revealed on DNAs from unrelated Caucasians. RFLPs detected by five enzymes, BanII, HinfI, KpnI, BglII, and SacI, are of the simple two-allele form, and pairwise linkage analyses of these RFLPs with numerous known DNA markers from the chromosome-10 pericentromeric region not only confirmed the chromosome-10 assignment of the functional FNRB gene but also supported its localization at p11.2 suggested by in situ hybridization. An infrequent MspI RFLP was detected by pB/R2, a 4.6-kb genomic clone from the FNRB locus. Another type of DNA polymorphism was also revealed by the cDNA clone and it was visualized on the Southern blot analyses as the presence or absence of an extra band (or a set of extra bands). It seems to stem from a stretch of DNA sequence present in some individuals at one single locus but absent in others, and is of non-chromosome-10 origin based on linkage analyses with known chromosome 10 markers. This "presence/absence" type of polymorphism could be revealed by all of the 25 restriction enzymes tested and is similar in nature to that previously reported with one of the human dihydrofolate reductase pseudogenes, DHFRP1. Dissection of the pGEM-32 clone demonstrated that the region revealing the non-chromosome-10 sequences is within a fragment about 1.7 kb in length extending from about 600 nucleotides preceding the stop codon down to the end of the cloned FNRB 3' untranslated region. Due to its high polymorphism information content (PIC) value (0.71 for haplotypes of BanII, HinfI, and KpnI RFLPs) and proximity to the centromere. FNRB will prove to be a highly useful marker for genetic linkage studies of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) as well as for chromosome-10 linkage studies in general.
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PMID:The beta subunit locus of the human fibronectin receptor: DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and linkage mapping studies. 257 37

In studies on (antitumor antibody)-drug conjugates as potential antitumor agents, the amide derivatives of methotrexate (MTX) with cysteine and with 2-mercaptoethylamine (cysteamine) (MTX-Cys and MTX-MEA, respectively) were linked via a disulfide bond with a monoclonal antibody (alpha MM46) to a mouse mammary tumor MM46 with attached 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionyl groups to give conjugates of MTX with alpha MM46 (MTX-Cys-SS-alpha MM46 and MTX-MEA-SS-alpha MM46, respectively). These two conjugates are both linked by a disulfide bond and are very similar in structure, but MTX-MEA-SS-alpha MM46 showed only weak in vitro cytotoxicity against MM46 cells, whereas MTX-Cys-SS-alpha MM46 had strong cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of the latter was comparable to that of the conventional direct MTX-alpha MM46 conjugate prepared with an MTX-active ester. However, this conjugate had a greater selectivity than that of the direct conjugate, calculated as the IC50 (concentration of a conjugate by MTX equivalence required for suppression of the number of viable MM46 cells to 50% of that of the untreated control) for the corresponding nonspecific conjugate divided by the IC50 for the alpha MM46 conjugate. The inhibitory activities of MTX-Cys and MTX-MEA on dihydrofolate reductase were similar. The cytotoxicity of MTX-Cys-SS-alpha MM46 was not affected by thiamine pyrophosphate, an inhibitor of the active transport of MTX across the cell membrane, but was decreased significantly by ammonium chloride, a lysosomotropic amine. However, the cytotoxicity was decreased only to a small extent by leupeptin, an inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteases cathepsins B, H, and L. These results suggest that the cytotoxicity is mediated by lysosomes, and may involve lysosomal enzymes other than cathepsins B, H, and L.
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PMID:Cytotoxicities of two disulfide-bond-linked conjugates of methotrexate with monoclonal anti-MM46 antibody. 278 2