Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.5.1.19 (NOS)
 7,285 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. NOS-immunoreactivity was shown to be colocalized with vasoactive peptides such as VIP, PHI and NPY in postganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the submandibular gland. NOS-immunoreactivity was on the other hand found in preganglionic neurons in sympathetic ganglia but only in few postganglionic sympathetic neurons. These latter neurons also contained VIP and PHI. NPY was present in postganglionic perivascular sympathetic nerves in all organs studied. 2. Large vasoconstrictor responses were evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation in the pig and dog after depletion of NA by reserpine treatment combined with interruption of nerve activity. Reserpine resistant vascular responses were obtained already at single pulse stimulation in pig skeletal muscle but the sensitivity to nerve stimulation varied with type of vascular bed. In general, the maximal vasoconstriction obtained after reserpine treatment was smaller than in controls but the duration of the response was prolonged. 3. In control condition NPY overflow was relatively well maintained. The severalfold larger NPY-overflow obtained after reserpine treatment compared to control conditions contributes to the gradual peptide depletion upon repeated stimulation and is likely to be related to lack of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor inhibition of transmitter release. NPY also regulated transmitter release via a prejunctional action. The NPY-LI in splenic venous effluent upon sympathetic stimulation after reserpine reached levels where exogenous NPY causes vasoconstriction. 4. NPY and NPY analogues caused long-lasting vasoconstriction. The dominating vascular NPY receptor seemed to be of the Y1 type, which mediated vasoconstriction in all vascular beds investigated and also increased MABP. A population of postjunctional Y2 receptors was also present in the splenic vascular bed in addition to its prejunctional localization on sympathetic nerves. 5. Inhibition of NO production by L-NNA caused general vasoconstriction, reduction in cardiac output and increase in MABP. L-NNA caused larger vasoconstriction in intact than in sympathetically denervated hind limb. After inhibition of NO production, preganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation of the hind limb and nasal mucosa had vasoconstrictor effects only slightly different from those seen in control conditions. Both the cholinergic and non-cholinergic components of the parasympathetic nerve-mediated vasodilatation in the submandibular salivary gland were on the other hand markedly suppressed by L-NNA. 6. VIP- and ACh-evoked vasodilatory effects in the submandibular salivary gland were reduced after NOS-inhibition. Also the overflow of NPY-LI evoked by parasympathetic nerve stimulation of the submandibular salivary gland was suppressed by L-NNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic vascular control with reference to neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide. 752 67

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the presence and co-localisation of a range of putative neurotransmitters and other neuronal markers in the myenteric plexus of the small and large intestine of the mouse. Distinct sub-populations of myenteric neurons were identified, based on the combinations of substances they contained and the distribution of their fibres. In the small intestine, there were two major classes of circular muscle motor neurons; one class was characterised by the presence of nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide plus neuropeptide Y (NOS/VIP/NPY), and the second class contained calretinin plus substance P (CalR/SP). There were seven classes of neurons that innervated myenteric ganglia; these contained nos, vip, nos/vip, npy, calr/calbindin (calb), sp or 5-ht. In the large intestine, there were five major classes of motor neurons that contained nos, nos/vip, gaba, sp, or calr/sp, and seven major classes of neurons that innervated myenteric ganglia and contained nos, vip, calr/calb, calr, sp, gaba or 5-ht. Although some aspects of the patterns of co-localisation are similar to those in other species, this study re-inforces recent analyses that indicate significant species differences in neurochemical patterns in the enteric neurons of different species.
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PMID:Chemical coding of neurons in the myenteric plexus and external muscle of the small and large intestine of the mouse. 860 Dec 95

A majority of the parasympathetic nerve fibers to cranial structures derive from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. In particular, blood vessels are invested with a rich supply of dilator fibers of parasympathetic origin. In the present study, we have examined the occurrence of noncholinergic neuromessengers and neuropeptide receptors in the human sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive (ir) nerve cell bodies occurred in high numbers in the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. Likewise, high numbers of NOS- and PACAP-containing nerve cell bodies were seen in both ganglia. Autofluorescent lipofuscin, characteristic of adult human nervous tissue, was present within many nerve cell bodies in both ganglia. Receptor mRNA was studied with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia was successfully extracted. By using appropriate sense and antisense primers, oligonucleotides were designed from the human sequences derived from GenBank, corresponding to human NPY Y1, CGRP1 and VIP1 receptors. In the sphenopalatine ganglion, we revealed the presence of mRNA for the human NPY Y1 and VIP1 receptors but not the CGRP1 receptor. The otic ganglion was found to react positively only for primers to mRNA for VIP1 but not for CGRP1 or NPY Y1 receptors.
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PMID:Neuronal messengers and peptide receptors in the human sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. 1022 96

This review is a concise summary of our current knowledge about the MTN neuroanatomy which in turn is necessary to understand the neurochemistry of this nucleus in the cat. In order to solve the puzzle of neurotransmitter related changes in the synaptic and functional organization of the MTN, we provide a comprehensive description of the neurotransmitter content of MTN neurons. Particular emphasis is given to identifying the possible physiological involvement of MTN inputs in the transmission of proprioceptive information at the first synaptic relay. It is shown that under normal circumstances the large MTN neuron subpopulation contains only Glu that is a strong candidate for a major neurotransmitter in this brain region. However, certain small MTN neurons, most likely interneurons, are found to be GABAergic. Furthermore, NOS immunoreactivity can be detected in the caudal as well as the mesencephalic-pontine junction parts of the MTN and this suggests a mediatory role for NO in some aspects of synaptic transmission in the MTN. The divergent neurochemical content of the cells in the nucleus, should it exist, is likely to be linked with different neuronal functions. Remarkably, no immunoreactivity to any of the neuropeptides examined is observed in the cell bodies of MTN neurons and only fibers and their terminals show peptide-immunolabeling. Most of the labeled peptidergic fibers have immunopositive varicosities that form pericellular basket-like arborizations around unlabeled MTN perikarya. It is predicted that under normal conditions the pericellular arborizations can function as an intranuclear key communication medium between immunopositive projections and immunonegative MTN neurons in the proprioceptive information processing. The levels of transmitter substances in MTN neurons may vary in case of marked changes in the environmental conditions. Axotomy-induced alterations include a long-lasting decrease in the content of CaBPs produced in MTN neurons and/or de novo synthesis of GAL, NPY and CGRP, thus implying the interactive nature and a previously unsuspected neurochemical plasticity of MTN neurons. The newly synthesized neuropeptides can enhance neuronal survival and neurite regeneration. Our results support the assumption that a peptide involvement in the proprioceptive function develops mainly in abnormal conditions. Taken together with the existing neuroanatomical and electrophysiological data, the present results give strong evidence for the occurrence of both excitatory (Gluergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) transmission in the cat MTN. In addition, evidence is also provided that the MTN receives synaptic inputs from peptidergic and catecholaminergic fibers and these possibly play a significant role in the integration and transmission of trigeminal proprioceptive information. These findings have confirmed the existence of a large number of synaptic contacts in the cat MTN with specific morphological features of their boutons and with presumably different neurotransmitter release from the synaptic vesicles. In this way, knowledge of the origin and neurotransmitter nature of the fibers providing the synapses would facilitate the understanding of the important role of MTN neurons responsible for proprioception in this region.
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PMID:The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the cat. 1069 81

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived radical, which modulates synaptic plasticity, neuronal oscillations and cerebral blood flow. NOS-containing neurones can be detected anatomically by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry or by NOS immunohistochemistry. Neuropeptide Y(NPY) is the most abundant peptide in the brain. NPY is connected with several vital functions, such as a feeding behaviour, sexual maturation, regulation of circadian rhythms, body temperature, blood pressure and neuroendocrine secretions. Neuropeptide Y also modulates anxiety-related disorders, limbic epileptic seizures as well as learning and memory processes. The study was performed on 45 Wistar rats of various ages (PO, P4, P7, P10, P14, P21, P30, P60, and P120; P--postnatal day). The free-floating sections were stained with standard immunohistochemistry methods. Thereafter the histological sections were studied using the confocal laser microscope equipped. For 3D reconstruction the image analysis program LaserSharp 2000v. 2.0 (Bio-Rad, UK) was used. We found that in the newborn rat both NOS- and NPY-immunoreactivity was weak. It had been increasing gradually until the 7th day of postnatal life, after that until P14 it was maintained on the similar level, and then the number of immunolabelled cells deceased. The developmental changes concerned cell morphology as well--until the 10th day of life the immunoreactive cells were immature, with round or oval bodies and had only a few fibres. From P14 the cells' morphology became similar to that in adult.
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PMID:Distribution of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptide Y neurones during the development of the hippocampal formation in the rat. 1272 88

Many women develop stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after childbirth, but the exact neuronal changes are largely unknown. This study is designed to identify the neuronal changes associated with pregnancy, delivery and ovariectomy. A total of 10 virgin and 48 pregnant rats were used. Cystometry and stress/sneeze tests were performed in the virgin once and the pregnant rats at certain time points. Postpartum the rats were equally grouped as follows: group I: delivery, group II: delivery + ballooning, group III: delivery + ovariectomy, group IV: delivery + ballooning + ovariectomy. Tissues from bladder, bladder neck, and urethra were analyzed by immunostaining for PGP 9.5, CGRP, SP, NPY, VIP, TH, n-NOS. We found complex innervation changes in the different tissue samples. Since the bladder neck and the mid-urethra play an important role in the continence mechanism the neuronal changes in these areas contribute to the observed functional changes.
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PMID:The effect of labor and/or ovariectomy on rodent continence mechanism--the neuronal changes. 1536 50

Neuronal destruction has been considered the hallmark of pathogenic mechanisms in chagasic megacolon. Characterization of neuropeptides in the enteric nervous system from chagasic patients with megacolon could elucidate some aspects of the development of this syndrome. In the present work we demonstrate the changes in expression of neuropeptides and neurochemical markers present in neuronal plexuses from the colons of chagasic patients with megacolon. Sections of frozen tissue samples were immunohistochemically labeled for anticalretinin, cChaT, substance P, VIP, NOS, and NPY. Immunoreactivity was observed using a confocal microscope. Our results demonstrate that in chagasic patients with megacolon, inhibitory motor neurons (VIP and NOS immunoreactive) are preferentially destroyed by Trypanosoma cruzi and/or the inflammatory process. These results suggest a selective destruction of enteric neurons in the colon of chagasic patients with megacolon, pointing to an important discovery in the mechanism of pathogenesis of Chagas' disease.
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PMID:Neurochemical coding of the enteric nervous system in chagasic patients with megacolon. 1738 32

Little is known regarding the location of cholinergic muscarinic receptor 1 (M1r) in the ENS, even though physiological data suggest that M1rs are central to cholinergic neurotransmission. This study localised M1rs in the ENS of the guinea pig ileum and human colon using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in human colon. Double labelling using antibodies against neurochemical markers was used to identify neuron subytpes bearing M1r. M1r immunoreactivity (IR) was present on neurons in the myenteric and submucosal ganglia. The two antibodies gave similar M1r-IR patterns and M1r-IR was abolished upon antibody preabsorption. M1r-IR was present on cholinergic and nNOS-IR nerve cell bodies in both guinea pig and human myenteric neurons. Presynaptic M1r-IR was present on NOS-IR and VAChT-IR nerve fibres in the circular muscle in the human colon. In the submucosal ganglia, M1r-IR was present on a population of neurons that contained cChAT-IR, but did not contain NPY-IR or calretinin-IR. M1r-IR was present on endothelial cells of blood vessels in the submucosal plexus. The localisation of M1r-IR in the guinea pig and human ENS shown in this study agrees with physiological studies. M1r-IR in cholinergic and nitrergic neurons and nerve fibres indicate that M1rs have a role in both cholinergic and nitrergic transmission. M1r-IR present in submucosal neurons suggests a role in mediating acetylcholine's effect on submucosal sensory and secretomotor/vasodilator neurons. M1r-IR present on blood vessel endothelial cells suggests that M1rs may also mediate acetylcholine's direct effect on vasoactivation.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localisation of cholinergic muscarinic receptor subtype 1 (M1r) in the guinea pig and human enteric nervous system. 1746 59

Immunohistochemical studies were performed on male and female bladder and urethra collected from 4 adults dogs and 10 foetal specimens with crown-rump length from 53 to 155 mm (medium-sized breeds, presumptive 38 days of gestation to term). A panel of antisera was tested, including PGP 9.5 to describe the general intramural innervation, ChAT and TH to depict the cholinergic and nor-adrenergic components and NOS1, CGRP, SP, NPY, VIP, SOM, GAL, 5-HT to investigate the possible nitrergic, peptidergic and aminergic ones. A rich cholinergic innervation was present in adult bladder and urethra, along with a lesser number of adrenergic nerves and a small number of nitrergic ones. Either bladder or urethra received numerous CGRP-, SP-, NPY-, VIP-containing nerve fibres which were distributed throughout the muscle layers. All over the lower urinary tract strong to weak ChAT-, CGRP-, SP- and NPY-immunoreactivity was detected in intramural ganglia, in peripheral nerve bundles and around blood vessels. 5-HT-immunoreactive endocrine cells were present in the urethral epithelium. Early foetal organs were supplied only by cholinergic nerve fibres. Few NOS-, CGRP- and SP-ergic components appeared at the end of pregnancy. It can be guessed that sensory mediators such as CGRP and SP increase in postnatal ages while other neuropeptides, such as NPY and VIP, appear only after birth, as the urinary reflex consolidates.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the pre- and postnatal innervation of the dog lower urinary tract: morphological aspects at the basis of the consolidation of the micturition reflex. 1807 20

Glutamatergic transmission through metabotropic and ionotropic receptors, including kainate receptors, plays an important role in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) functions. Glutamate system may interact with several other neurotransmitter systems which might also be influenced by steroid hormones. In the present study we analyzed the ability of systemic kainate to stimulate rat NTS neurons, which was evaluated by c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activation, and also to change the levels of NTS neurotransmitters such as GABA, NPY, CGRP, GAL, NT and NO by means of quantitative immunohistichemistry combined with image analysis. The analysis was also performed in adrenalectomized and kainate stimulated rats in order to evaluate a possible role of adrenal hormones on NTS neurotransmission. Male Wistar rats (3 month-old) were used in the present study. A group of 15 rats was submitted either to bilateral adrenalectomy or sham operation. Forty-eight hours after the surgeries, adrenalectomized rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of kainate (12 mg/kg) and the sham-operated rats were injected either with saline or kainate and sacrificed 8 hours later. The same experimental design was applied in a group of rats in order to register the arterial blood pressure. Systemic kainate decreased the basal values of mean arterial blood pressure (35%) and heart rate (22%) of sham-operated rats, reduction that were maintained in adrenalectomized rats. Kainate triggered a marked elevation of c-Fos positive neurons in the NTS which was 54% counteracted by adrenalectomy. The kainate activated NTS showed changes in the immunoreactive levels of GABA (143% of elevation) and NPY (36% of decrease), which were not modified by previous ablation of adrenal glands. Modulation in the levels of CGRP, GAL and NT immunoreactivities were only observed after kainate in the adrenalectomized rats. Treatments did not alter NOS labeling. It is possible that modulatory function among neurotransmitter systems in the NTS might be influenced by steroid hormones and the implications for central regulation of blood pressure or other visceral regulatory mechanisms control should be further investigated.
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PMID:Effects of bilateral adrenalectomy on systemic kainate-induced activation of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Regulation of blood pressure and local neurotransmitters. 1819 66


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