Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.5.1.19 (NOS)
 7,285 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The comorbidity of personality discorders and eating discorders is an important topic of theoretical and empirical investigation in the field of eating disorders. There is disagreement both concerning the extent of such comorbidity and it's clinical implications for the development and conduct of treatments. After a critical review of the literature up to 12/1994, we report on the results of a standard screening for borderline personality disorder (BPD) with the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines--Revised (DIB-R) administered by trained and reliable raters in a consecutive sample of 172 first attenders of a regional eating disorders clinic (anorexia, restrictive type [DSM-IV 307.1]: n = 31, anorexia, binge eating/purging type [DSM-IV 307.1]: n = 29, bulimia nervosa [DSM-IV 307.51]: n = 80, eating disorder NOS [DSM-IV 307.50]: n = 32). 8.8% of all eating disordered patients (n = 172) and 10.0% of patients fulfilling the criteria for either anorexia or bulimia (n = 140) met the criteria of a BPD (DIB-R score > or = 8). There were no significant differences between the anorectic and bulimic subgroups. BPD-patients did not differ from the non-BPD patients in the extent or type of their eating disorder. These results differ substantially from those reported in (mostly) smaller and more selected samples. Their nosological and clinical implications are discussed.
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PMID:[Borderline syndrome and eating disorders. Review of the literature and interview study of 172 consecutive patients of the Freiburg Eating Disorders Outpatient Clinic]. 776 72

General psychopathology as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), eating disorder diagnostic status (DSM-III-R), and clinical outcome were compared in a sample of 59 women 10 years after their hospital treatment for anorexia nervosa. There was a substantial and orderly relationship between severity of eating disorder symptomatology and severity of comorbid general psychopathology at follow-up evaluation. Those who had no eating disorder at follow-up displayed essentially no general psychopathology on the MMPI. Persons still suffering from a severe eating disorder (anorexia or bulimia nervosa) showed clinically significant levels of comorbid general psychopathology, and had significantly higher mean scores than the no eating disorder diagnosis group on seven MMPI clinical scales. Little general psychopathology was displayed by persons receiving a NOS eating disorder diagnosis at follow-up. Their mean MMPI profile was intermediate between those for the no diagnosis and severe eating disorder groups, but closer to that for the no diagnosis group. Rank order correlations were significant between levels of eating disorder symptom severity and all relevant MMPI clinical scales. Severity of psychopathology on the MMPI was also related to ratings of global outcome assessed by two approaches to categorizing outcome in anorexia nervosa.
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PMID:The relationship between psychopathology, eating disorder diagnosis, and clinical outcome at 10-year follow-up in anorexia nervosa. 818 74

Precise diagnosis of eating disorders has long been problematic. First off, although the DSM IV provides clear criteria, these are applicable to a very narrow range of disorders. Subclinical disorders, although well defined in the literature, are difficult to diagnose as no tool has been previously available. These subclinical disorders are particularly important if one considers that they are often precursors to more serious and life-threatening eating disorders. In addition, choice of diagnostic tool for eating disorders has also long been the cause of difficulty for both researchers and clinicians. Although interviews are favored for their in-depth approach, they are sometimes difficult to implement and often too long and costly to use on a regular basis. Most available questionnaires are limited by their approach to one or two diagnostic categories, and again, until now, no tool has fully addressed the issue of subclinical disorders. The goal of this work was to translate and use a new questionnaire, The Questionnaire for Eating Disorders (Q-EDD), which was developed in the United States and based on both DSM IV criteria as well as carefully developed subclinical disorder criteria. The Q-EDD can identify the major eating disorder categories while at the same time distinguishing between different qualities in each (for example restricting versus compensatory anorexia). Moreover, the Q-EDD can identify several subclinical disorder categories, providing useful insight into potentially dangerous evolution of these disorders. In collaboration with one of the original authors, the questionnaire was translated into French with careful attention to DSM IV criteria in order to preserve its original validity. The questionnaire was read by several professionals in psychology as well as lay people to assure its face validity and ease of use. Once the questionnaire was adequately translated and corrected, it was used for an epidemiological study with a large sample of adolescents and young adults (n=1 001) from several Junior High and High Schools in the greater metropolitan area of Toulouse, France. The schools were located in a variety of neighborhoods and represented a wide range of population, some of them being more academic oriented, others being more oriented towards practical training. The population was composed of 703 females and 298 males, with an average age of 17.06 years. In addition, the population included several different ethnic categories, all of which are similarly represented in the general French population. The results from the Q-EDD showed levels of various clinical disorders to replicate data from previous epidemiological studies with 1.5% of the population suffering from a serious clinical DSM IV disorder; 7.9% suffering from DSM IV disorders NOS; and 20.9% suffering subclinical disorders. In addition to this finding of 30% of the population with an eating disorder, it was noted that a large number of these young people fell into the severe underweight and low weight categories. Indeed, nearly 10% of this group were within the weight criteria for anorexia, despite the fact that they did not meet the other criteria. This finding seemed to warrant additional investigation, and as a result, a different cut-off for severe underweight was established using literature references; this cut-off was set at the 10(th) percentile for BMI based on age. Yet, even with this new cut-off, 6% of this population still met a severe underweight criteria suggestive of anorexic pathology. These results led to the formulation of 2 hypotheses to explain this finding, the first of which examines morphological differences, the second of which suggests cultural differences in terms of eating habits and diet. The French version of the Q-EDD appears to follow the psychometric properties of the original version, moreover it provides useful and rich data regarding eating disorders in a format that is simple and efficient.
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PMID:[Diagnosing eating disorders: presentation of a new diagnostic test and an initial epidemiological study of eating disorders in adolescents]. 1287 48

Evidence implies that nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous systems mediates anorexia in tumor-bearing hosts. We have therefore evaluated, by immunohistochemical image analyses, net alterations of nitric oxide synthases (nNOS, eNOS, iNOS) in brain nuclei [paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), medial habenular nucleus (MHB), lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)] of tumor-bearing mice (TB) with prostanoid-related anorexia. Pair-fed (PF) and freely fed (FF) non-tumor-bearing mice were used as controls. c-fos was analyzed as indicator of neuronal activation. nNOS was significantly increased in VMH and PVN from TB mice, while eNOS was significantly increased in LHB and LHA. iNOS was significantly increased in LHA and PVN nuclei, but decreased in MHB, LHB and VMH from tumor-bearers. However, several of these alterations were similarly observed in brain nuclei from pair-fed controls. Provision of unspecific NOS-antagonists to TB mice increased nNOS, eNOS and iNOS in several brain nuclei (PVN, LHA, VMH), but left tumor-induced anorexia unchanged. c-fos was significantly increased in all brain nuclei in PF mice except for NTS, LHA and PVN compared to controls, while tumor-bearing mice had increased c-fos in LHA and PVN only compared to controls. Our results demonstrate a complex picture of NOS expression in brain areas of relevance for appetite in tumor-bearing hosts, where most changes seemed to be secondary to stress during negative energy balance. By contrast, NOS content in PVN and LHA nuclei remains candidate behind anorexia in tumor disease. However, nitric oxide does not seem to be a primary mediator behind tumor-induced anorexia. NO may rather secondarily support energy intake in conditions with negative energy balance.
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PMID:NOS isoenzyme content in brain nuclei as related to food intake in experimental cancer cachexia. 1583 18

A two-step interview study of eating disorders (EDs) and sub-clinical EDs in 15-year-old adolescents was carried out in western Finland. The sample consisted of all ninth graders in a well-defined catchment area (n=606, 98.2% of eligible students). In the first step, a self-report questionnaire was administered at schools regarding mental health problems and life circumstances. The questions concerning anorectic and bulimic eating pathology were formulated according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of EDs. The second step consisted of a semi-structured interview Rating of Anorexia and Bulimia-Teenager version (RAB-T) to which 128 subjects were invited, on the basis of their answers to questions about eating pathology in the questionnaire. The participation rate in the interview was 88.3%. The lifetime prevalence rate for anorexia nervosa (AN) in 15-year-old girls was 1.8% and the point prevalence rate 0.7%. No cases of AN were found among the boys. All criteria fulfilling cases of bulimia nervosa (BN) were not found in our sample. High rates of AN not otherwise specified (AN-NOS; 4.9%) and sub-clinical EDs (4.9%) were found among the girls; 6.7% of girls and 0.6% of boys were regarded as being "at risk" of developing EDs. Data on height and weight are based on current measurements taken at school healthcare; 22% of boys were overweight or obese compared with 16% of girls.
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PMID:Obesity and eating disturbances are common in 15-year-old adolescents. A two-step interview study. 1988 93

A 79-year-old woman was admitted with a 5-kg weight loss and anorexia. Computed tomography showed diffuse lymphadenopathy, and thickening of the duodenal and ileal walls. The patient then underwent biopsy of these sites. Pathological examination revealed duodenal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive peripheral T cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) and EBV-negative ileal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) to be present simultaneously. Combination chemotherapy including rituximab produced a reduction of the duodenal EBV-positive PTCL-NOS lesion, but had no effect on the EBV-negative ileal DLBCL lesion. Thereafter, new lymphadenopathy, high fever, and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) elevation developed, complicated by pneumonia. The patient died due to rapid deterioration of the lymphoma and pneumonia on day 108 after initiation of treatment. EBV-positive PTCL-NOS is reportedly rare and the prognosis is poor. Moreover, EBV-negative ileal DLBCL was diagnosed simultaneously. This case is considered to have had an extremely rare discordant lymphoma, although the exact etiology of its development remains unknown. We speculate that age-related disorders of the immune system and HCV infection may have been associated with the pathogenic mechanism of lymphomagenesis in this case.
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PMID:[Discordant lymphoma of duodenal EBV-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified and ileal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]. 2716 48