Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.5.1.19 (NOS)
7,285 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a well characterized monoclonal antibody (PR7212) to the beta-subunit of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R(beta) and the avidin-biotin peroxidase method on frozen sections, we analyzed PDGF-R(beta) expression in 71 nonepithelial lesions as well as normal mesenchymal tissues. PDGF-R(beta) reactivity was observed in normal salivary gland, normal cutaneous and visceral fibroblasts, muscularis mucosa of bowel, and endothelial cells; squamous carcinoma was negative. Interestingly, hepatocytes and lymph node histiocytes were also positive. Positive tumors included malignant fibrous histiocytoma (6/6), benign and malignant smooth muscle tumors (5/6 leiomyoma, 8/9 leiomyosarcoma), liposarcoma (4/4), synovial sarcoma (6/7), angiosarcoma (2/2), and sarcoma NOS (2/2). Fibromatosis cases were also positive (2/2). In many tumors, the reactive fibroblasts and vascular components were also reactive. The characteristic pattern of reactivity in fibroblastic lesions highlighted thin cytoplasmic extensions or strands not visible in normal hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Expression of PDGF-R(beta) was not necessarily correlated with the presence of PDGF. We conclude that PDGF-R(beta) expression can be identified in a wide variety of mesenchymal lesions and postulate that its presence may be important in the mechanism of growth of these tumors.
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PMID:Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (beta-subunit) immunoreactivity in soft tissue tumors. 130 26

Histopathologic material from 1,782 patients registered in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee (IRS)-I and -II were reviewed by the IRS Pathology Committee in order to provide a uniform approach to classification and correlate patient survival with tumor type. Categories considered eligible were the four types of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) (criteria of Horn and Enterline), extraosseous Ewing's tumor (EOE), and a group of somewhat variable undifferentiated sarcomas designated small round cell sarcoma, type indeterminate (STI). Tumors that were clearly sarcomas but were unclassifiable also were included (NOS). The committee diagnoses were embryonal (Emb) RMS in 877 (54%), alveolar (Alv) RMS in 343 (21%), botryoid (Botr) RMS in 88 (5%), pleomorphic (Pleo) RMS in 11 (1%), STI in 135 (8%), and EOE in 84 (5%). One in nine were mixtures of types, eg, Emb and Alv. Five percent of the sarcomas could not be classified because of inadequate material. In general, there was close agreement (94%) between the review committee and institutional pathologists in the diagnosis of RMS, but not in the specific types, particularly Alv RMS (41%) and STI (36%). This observation is important, since patients with Alv RMS and STI tumors had decreased survival compared with the other histologies. The prognosis varied by histology, with Botr having the best, Alv RMS and STI the worst, and Emb RMS and EOE an intermediate prognosis.
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PMID:Histopathology of childhood sarcomas, Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies I and II: clinicopathologic correlation. 327 51

Carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix is a rare tumor. A case of carcinosarcoma of uterine cervix initially interpreted as sarcoma, NOS, is presented along with immunohistochemical findings.
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PMID:Carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix initially interpreted as high grade sarcoma. 337 85

The relationship between nitric oxide (NO) synthase II (NOS II) expression and the metastatic ability of tumor cells is inconclusive. We determined the role of host NOS II expression in the growth and metastasis of the B16-BL6 murine melanoma and M5076 murine ovarian sarcoma cell lines. The cells were either s.c. or i.v. injected into syngeneic wild-type (NOS H+/+) and NOS II-null (NOS H-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Both cell lines produced slightly larger s.c. tumors in NOS H-/- mice than in NOS II+/+ mice. However, B16- BL6 cells produced more and larger experimental lung metastases in NOS II+/+ mice than in NOS II-/- mice, whereas M5076 cells produced fewer and smaller experimental lung metastases in NOS II+/+ mice than in NOS II-/- mice. After activation with IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide, macrophages isolated from NOS II+/+ C57BL/6 mice produced NO-dependent cytotoxicity in sarcoma cells, whereas macrophages from NOS II-/- C57BL/6 mice did not. In contrast, activated macrophages produced little to no NO-mediated cytotoxicity in melanoma cells. Immunostaining analyses indicated that NOS II expression was apparent in the metastases growing in NOS H+/+ mice and correlated with increased cell proliferation in B16-BL6 lung metastases but with decreased cell proliferation in M5076 liver metastases. Our data suggest that disruption of host NOS II expression enhanced the growth and metastasis of NO-sensitive tumor cells but suppressed the metastasis of NO-resistant tumor cells, proposing that host-derived NO may differentially modulate tumor progression.
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PMID:Influence of nitric oxide synthase II gene disruption on tumor growth and metastasis. 1082 24

A bioassay of dapsone, 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline, for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test material in feed to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 35 rats and 35 mice of each sex were administered dapsone at one of two doses, either 600 or 1,200 ppm for rats and either 500 or 1,000 ppm for mice. The rats and mice were treated for 78 weeks; the rats were then observed for 26-28 weeks, the mice for 28-30 weeks. Matched controls consisted of groups of 15 untreated rats and 14 untreated mice of each sex, pooled controls, used for statistical evaluation, consisted of the matched controls combined with 30 male and 30 female untreated rats and 29 male and 29 female untreated mice from similarly performed bioassays of two other test chemicals. All surviving rats were killed at 104-106 weeks, all surviving mice at 106-108 weeks. Treated rats and mice had lower mean body weights than the corresponding controls; when treatment was discontinued at week 78, both species showed some increase in body weight. Survival among rats was unaffected by treatment with dapsone; adequate numbers of animals survived for meaningful statistical analyses of the incidences of tumors. Dapsone did not adversely affect the survival of mice, as shown by the test for positive dose-related trend. Suppurative bronchopneumonia was found in some mice in all matched-control and treated groups. Several control males died early in the study, while survival of the other groups of mice was not affected until week 75. Among rats, mesenchymal tumors of the abdominal organs or peritoneal tissues occurred in 13/35 low-dose males and 22/33 high-dose males. None occurred among control males or among control or treated females. The most commonly occurring tumors were fibroma, fibrosarcoma, or sarcoma, NOS (not otherwise specified), of the spleen and the peritoneum. In male rats, these mesenchymal tumors of the spleen occurred in a statistically significant incidence in both treated groups (low-dose 6/34, P=0.006; high-dose 14/32, P<0.001) when compared with pooled controls. In the peritoneum, the incidences of these mesenchymal tumors were significant in both treated groups (low-dose 5/35, P=0.014; high-dose 6/33, P=0.005) when compared with the pooled controls. No tumors related to treatment were found in female rats. Among the mice, there were no tumors that could clearly be related to treatment. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, dapsone was not carcinogenic for female Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sex. Dapsone was carcinogenic (sarcomagenic) for male Fischer 344 rats, causing mesenchymal tumors in the spleen and the peritoneum.
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PMID:Bioassay of dapsone for possible carcinogenicity. 1284 88

Sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of diseases of a variety of recognized histologic types. Among these subtypes is malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), a diagnosis no longer recognized as a specific diagnosis at some institutions. In this study, gene expression in 38 histologically well-defined sarcoma samples, 17 MFH samples, 12 samples of sarcomas classified simply as high-grade sarcoma (NOS, standing for "not otherwise specified"), and 26 other mesenchymal tumors was determined at Gene Logic Inc (Gaithersburg, MD), with the use of Affymetrix GeneChip U_133 arrays containing approximately 40,000 known genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Gene-expression analysis was performed with the use of the Gene Logic Gene Express(R) Software System. Differences in gene expression were quantified as the fold change in gene expression between the various sets of well-defined sarcomas. A set of genes was then identified that could be used to distinguish the well-defined sets of 11 liposarcomas, 9 leiomyosarcomas, 4 synovial sarcomas, 8 schwannomas, and 12 cases of aggressive fibromatosis through the use of Eisen clustering. Eisen clustering was then repeated with the same set of gene fragments with the sample set of 38 histologically well-defined sarcomas, the 17 sarcomas classified as MFH, 12 sarcomas classified as high-grade sarcoma (NOS), and 26 other mesenchymal tumors. Under these conditions, each of the samples of well-defined sarcoma formed distinct clusters that contained some of the MFH and NOS samples. In addition, distinct clusters were observed that contained only MFH and NOS samples. We conclude that gene-expression patterns may be useful in helping further classify subtypes of sarcomas.
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PMID:Characterization of sarcomas by means of gene expression. 1532 2

The entity and nosology of pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is still ambiguous. The actual WHO-Classification uses pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and pleomorphic sarcoma NOS (not otherwise specified) synonymously. On the other hand text and illustrations convey the impression, that these tumors also could be pleomorphic lipo-, leio- or rhabdomyosarcomas etc. It would have been more informative to emphasize, that with the above mentioned specific sarcoma types MFH-like appearance may occur. Furthermore it would have been more up to date to consider pleomorphic sarcomas NOS as pleomorphic fibrosarcomas and include them in the chapter of fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors. This concept already has been carried out for the former myxoid variant of MFH, nowadays preferentially called myxofibrosarcoma. There is controversial discussion about the clinical significance of exact typing of pleomorphic sarcomas. Problems may also occur due to the lack of standards, which degree of desmin expression signifies leiomyosarcoma or just indicates myofibroblasts in MFH. The requirement of exclusion of other tumor-types before diagnosing pleomorphic fibrosarcoma still remains obligatory. After verification of the diagnosis pleomorphic sarcoma NOS or pleomorphic fibrosarcoma, grading e.g. according to criteria of the FFCCS can be carried out. Most cases of pleomorphic fibrosarcoma will qualify as high grade malignant.
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PMID:[Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: pleomorphic sarcoma NOS or pleomorphic fibrosarcoma]. 1570 18

We present an extensive immunohistochemical analysis of 7 mammary sarcomas that did not fit into any specific soft tissue sarcoma category. Histologically, they were composed of spindle cells with highly pleomorphic nuclei and abundant mitoses. Our immunohistochemical antibody panel included pan-cytokeratin (CK), basal cell type CKs (34betaE12, CK5/6, CK14, CK17) and vimentin antibodies, antibodies to established (SMA, CD10, p63, S-100, maspin, calponin, GFAP, SM-myosin), and novel (CD29, 14-3-3sigma) myoepithelial markers, as well as antibodies to CD34, desmin, h-caldesmon, steroid receptors (estrogen, progesterone, androgen), and EGFR (Her-1). Whereas CKs, CD34, desmin, and h-caldesmon were not expressed, all tumors were positive for CD10 and vimentin. CD29 and SMA were observed in 3 cases each (43%), and p63 and calponin in 2 cases each (29%). Other myoepithelial markers and steroid receptors were absent, except androgen receptors, which were expressed in one sarcoma. Five sarcomas showed positivity for EGFR. The distinction of specific, histogenetically defined sarcoma entities (such as leiomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, liposarcoma) from NOS-type sarcoma with CD10 expression is usually clear-cut because the former exhibit a characteristic histomorphology and immunoprofile. Phyllodes tumors with stromal overgrowth or recurrent phyllodes tumors lacking epithelial structures as well as periductal stromal sarcomas can be ruled out by their frequent expression of CD34 and negativity for myoepithelial markers. The most important differential diagnosis is sarcomatoid metaplastic carcinoma because its treatment includes axillary lymphadenectomy. Since some NOS-type sarcomas with CD10 expression and most metaplastic carcinomas show positivity for CD29, SMA, and p63, differential diagnosis can be extremely difficult and requires extensive immunohistochemical evaluation for CKs and additional myoepithelial markers such as S-100, 14-3-3sigma, and maspin. The immunophenotype of NOS-type sarcomas with CD10 expression suggests that these neoplasms represent a mammary sarcoma variant with myoepithelial features.
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PMID:Mammary NOS-type sarcoma with CD10 expression: a rare entity with features of myoepithelial differentiation. 1662 90

Primary sarcoma of the gallbladder is a very rare neoplasm, and there are few instances of its diagnostic and therapeutic management. We describe a 66-year-old male patient with a sarcoma of the gallbladder. He initially underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, converted to an open procedure. Histology showed a primary sarcoma of the gallbladder (NOS). A relaparotomy, with resection of the cystic stump, anatomical hepatic resection of the fifth segment, including the bed of gallbladder, and lymphadenectomy was performed a few days later. The two surgical interventions were done with no major complications, and a radical resection status was achieved. Histological investigation revealed a malignant mesenchymal tumor lesion, which was classified as a myogenous sarcoma with a hemangiopericytomatous pattern. After an 11-month, uneventful, postoperative course, local tumor recurrence was diagnosed. Palliative chemotherapy was scheduled, but the patient died of advanced tumor recurrence 10 days after this diagnosis. Despite a poor overall prognosis, extensive surgical resection is favored for myogeneous sarcoma of the gallbladder; this procedure is based on precise clarification of the histopathological diagnosis, and can be followed by attempts with radiation of chemotherapy if early diagnosis-finding has failed. This approach allowed, in our patient with this rare neoplasm, a remarkable tumor-free survival of almost 1 year.
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PMID:Myogenous sarcoma of the gallbladder with a hemangiopericytomatous pattern. 1738 14

This study highlights the rare presentation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma as primary bone and soft tissue tumour. Twelve cases were studied. Clinical impression was non Hodgkin's lymphoma in 4 cases, sarcoma in 6 (osteosarcoma-2, Ewing's/primitive neuroectodermal tumour-1, and sarcoma NOS-3), and tuberculosis of thoracic spine in 1 and the last case involving the rib had a differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and NHL. Histology revealed round cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei. Immunohistochemically all tumours were CD30 positive and 8 of 9 cases (88.9%) showed ALK-1 positivity. The pleomorphic cytomorphology ofALCL leads to confusion with the more frequent bone and soft tissue sarcomas affecting the musculoskeletal system. A high index of suspicion is necessary to initiate the correct panel of immunohistochemical markers to first confirm the lymphomatous nature of this tumour and to subsequently subclassify. This alone will lead to an accurate recognition of ALCL and the appropriate chemotherapy.
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PMID:Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) presenting as primary bone and soft tissue sarcoma--a study of 12 cases. 1788 51


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