Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.5.1.19 (NOS)
 7,285 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A pattern of negative symptoms associated with a high rate of ongoing brain and ventricular instability has been described in a cohort of schizophrenia spectrum probands (patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder depressed and bipolar, and psychosis NOS) (Garver, D.L., Nair, T.R., Christensen, J.D., Holcomb, J., Ramberg, J., Kingsbury, S., 1999. Differential patterns of premorbid functioning, symptoms and neuroleptic response in stable and unstable ventricular-volume schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, in press). The present study contrasts the prevalence of negative symptoms in first- and second-degree relatives of probands with unstable ventricle volume (UnsVV) and stable ventricle volume (SVV). One hundred and sixteen first- and second-degree relatives of 10 probands were interviewed using the SANS, the 'Characterization of Course: "Pattern of Symptoms"' [from Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH)], SCID and SCID-II by interviewers blind to the status of the proband. Thirty-five of the 116 family members met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, SA depressed, 'Cluster A' of the SCID-II (paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid personality disorder), psychosis NOS, or psychotic affective disorder. These 35 family members were defined as falling within a 'schizophrenia spectrum' as described by Farmer, A.E., McGuffin, P., Gottesman, I.I., 1987. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 634-641, but with the addition of DSM-IV affective psychosis. On that basis, the 35 members were considered 'affected family members' (AFMs). The remaining 81 family members were considered unaffected. The 'predominant symptoms of illness' (during the past 2-3 years) for 25 of the 35 AFMs could be characterized according to the 'Patterns of Symptoms' derived from the CASH. Twenty-five of the 35 AFMs were found to maintain a predominant symptom pattern during the course of illness, which could be characterized according to the 'Pattern of Symptoms' as 'predominantly positive' or 'predominantly negative'. Three of the probands had UnsVV; seven had SVV. Of the 35 AFMs, 11 were related to the UnsVV probands, and 24 were relatives of the SVV probands. The nine rated AFMs of the UnsVV probands showed a trend toward higher SANS scores (7.3 +/- 5.1) (mean +/- s.d.) than the 20 rated AFMs of SVV probands (4.3 +/- 5.1) (p = 0.08) at the time of the interview. Eighty-three per cent (eight of 10) of rated affected pedigree members of the pedigrees delineated by probands with UnsVV probands had a predominantly negative symptom course of illness, and 96% (23 of 24) of rated affected pedigree members of the pedigrees with SVV probands had a predominantly positive symptom course of illness during the preceding 2-3 years (p = 0.002). None of the 12 rated affected pedigree members within pedigrees having UnsVV probands were married at the time of the interview; 45% (14 of 31) of affected pedigree members having SVV probands were married (p = 0.004). A psychiatric disorder, characterized by unstable cerebral ventricles and predominant negative symptoms (including avoidance/failure of marital relationships) appears symptomatically to breed true in pedigrees containing schizophrenia-like illnesses.
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PMID:Negative symptoms of familial schizophrenia breed true in unstable (vs. stable) cerebral-ventricle pedigrees. 998 37

This study compared structured vs. unstructured interviews for making psychiatric diagnoses. Three clinicians independently diagnosed 56 inpatient-subjects, each using a different method: (1) the unstructured Traditional Diagnostic Assessment (TDA), the standard method of clinical practice; (2) the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Clinical Version (SCID-CV), a widely used structured method; and (3) the Computer Assisted Diagnostic Interview (CADI), a structured computer-based method. Once finished, the three clinicians developed a Consensus diagnosis, using Spitzer's LEAD Standard (L=Longitudinal evaluation of symptomatology, E=Evaluation by expert consensus, AD=All Data from multiple sources). Diagnoses were assigned to one of 10 groups (cognitive impairment, general medical condition-induced, alcohol-induced, drug-induced, mania, depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, psychosis NOS, and anxiety). Diagnostic accuracy for each method, measured against Consensus, was as follows: TDA-agreement=53.8%, kappa=0.4325 ('fair'); SCID-CV-agreement=85.7%, kappa=0.8189 ('excellent'); CADI -agreement=85.7%, kappa=0.8147 ('excellent'). All three methods reached acceptable levels of diagnostic accuracy. Structured methods (SCID-CV, CADI) were significantly better than the unstructured TDA.
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PMID:Inpatient diagnostic assessments: 1. Accuracy of structured vs. unstructured interviews. 1181 44

Previous studies have shown that IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and NOS-2, but not B cells, are crucial for host defense against primary systemic infection with the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis. In this study, we examined the importance of these and additional immune components in host resistance against infection with virulent strains of F. tularensis initiated by systemic and airborne routes. Wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in IFN-gamma, TNFR1R2, NOS-2, or B cells were equally susceptible to low dose ( approximately 10 colony forming units) aerosol or intradermal challenge with virulent type B F. tularensis, and succumbed to the infection between days 6 and 8 post-inoculation. Quantitative bacteriology showed that IFN-gamma-/- and B cell-/- mice consistently harbored up to one log(10) more bacteria in their lungs, spleens and livers than WT mice at day 5 post aerosol exposure. Surprisingly, however, compared to other strains of KO mice and WT control mice, IFN-gamma-/- mice showed only mild liver damage as assessed by histopathology and liver function tests. Additional experiments established that even mice with broad immunodeficiency (SCID, neutropenic, splenectomized or thymectomized mice and mice treated with corticosteroid) were no more susceptible to aerosol-initiated infection with virulent type B or type A F. tularensis than immunosufficient control mice. Combined, our results indicate that, unlike LVS, normal type A and type B F. tularensis strains are so extremely virulent that even immunocompetent mice are virtually defenseless to low dose aerosol and intradermal challenges with them.
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PMID:Susceptibility of immunodeficient mice to aerosol and systemic infection with virulent strains of Francisella tularensis. 1512 Jan 57

NO produced by inducible NO synthase (NOS2) is important for the control of numerous infections. In vitro, NO inhibits replication and differentiation of the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. However, the role of NO against this parasite has not been tested in vivo. IL-6-deficient mice fail to control Giardia infections, and these mice have reduced levels of NOS2 mRNA in the small intestine after infection compared with wild-type mice. However, NOS2 gene-targeted mice and wild-type mice treated with the NOS2 inhibitor N-iminoethyl-L-lysine eliminated parasites as well as control mice. In contrast, neuronal NOS (NOS1)-deficient mice and wild-type mice treated with the nonspecific NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and the NOS1-specific inhibitor 7-nitroindazole all had delayed parasite clearance. Finally, Giardia infection increased gastrointestinal motility in wild-type mice, but not in SCID mice. Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or loperamide prevented both the increased motility and the elimination of parasites. Together, these data show that NOS1, but not NOS2, is necessary for clearance of Giardia infection. They also suggest that increased gastrointestinal motility contributes to elimination of the parasite and may also contribute to parasite-induced diarrhea. Importantly, this is the first example of NOS1 being involved in the elimination of an infection.
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PMID:Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is necessary for elimination of Giardia lamblia infections in mice. 1636 45

Beta glucans are cell wall constituents of yeast, fungi and bacteria, as well as mushrooms and barley. Glucans are not expressed on mammalian cells and are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Beta glucans have potential activity as biological response modifiers for hematopoiesis and enhancement of bone marrow recovery after injury. We have reported that Maitake beta glucan (MBG) enhanced mouse bone marrow (BMC) and human umbilical cord blood (CB) cell granulocyte-monocyte colony forming unit (GM-CFU) activity in vitro and protected GM-CFU forming stem cells from doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of MBG on expansion of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells in CB from full-term infants cultured ex vivo and on homing and engraftment in vivo in the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse. MBG promoted a greater expansion of CD34+CD33+CD38- human committed hematopoietic progenitor (HPC) cells compared to the conventional stem cell culture medium (P = 0.002 by ANOVA). CD34+CXCR4+CD38- early, uncommitted human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers showed a trend towards increase in response to MBG. The fate of CD34+ enriched CB cells after injection into the sublethally irradiated NOS/SCID mouse was evaluated after retrieval of xenografted human CB from marrow and spleen by flow cytometric analysis. Oral administration of MBG to recipient NOS/SCID mice led to enhanced homing at 3 days and engraftment at 6 days in mouse bone marrow (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0005, respectively) compared to control mice. More CD34+ human CB cells were also retrieved from mouse spleen in MBG treated mice at 6 days after transplantation. The studies suggest that MBG promotes hematopoiesis through effects on CD34+ progenitor cell expansion ex vivo and when given to the transplant recipient could enhance CD34+ precursor cell homing and support engraftment.
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PMID:Maitake beta-glucan enhances umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation in the NOD/SCID mouse. 1914 72

The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence of Axis II disorders (DSM-IV-TR) in a sample of clients requesting sex reassignment surgery (SRS), consecutively admitted to a Gender Identity Disorder (GID) psychiatric unit. Fifty clients self-referred as transsexuals (34 biological males and 16 biological females; mean age = 31.74 +/- 7.06 years) were assessed through the SCID-II after a preliminary evaluation to exclude current major psychiatric disorders. Prevalence of any Axis II disorder was 52% (N = 26), with no significant differences related to biological sex. The most frequent personality disorders were Cluster B PDs (22% of total sample), followed by Cluster C (12%) and Cluster A PDs (2%). A significant prevalence of NOS PD (16%) was also found. Our data offers prevalence estimates slightly higher than those found in previous studies and does not provide evidence for any differences in the psychopathological profile and severity between MtF and FtM transsexuals.
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PMID:Prevalence of Axis II disorders in a sample of clients undertaking psychiatric evaluation for sex reassignment surgery. 1983 2

Psychiatric sequelae present after 6 months to 2 years following amputation were studied in a group of 25 subjects. The subjects were screened on SCID, HRSD and HARS. The most common diagnoses were depressive disorder NOS (20.6%) and major depressive disorder (10.3%). Patients having right sided amputation were more psychiatrically ill than those with loss of a left limb. Phantom limb was seen in about two-thirds of the total sample-more in the sick group (about 88%) than in the non-sick group (about 55%). Pain in the phantom limb was seen more in the sick group, but telescopy and movement were more frequently complained of by subjects of the non-sick group.
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PMID:Psychiatric sequelae of amputation : ii long term effects. 2158

Increased and decreased levers of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity have been reported in patients with eating disorders, indicating abnormalities of the serotonin turnover. However, whether these findings are related to eating disorders or are rather reflecting the pathophysiology of borderline personality traits in these patients is still unknown. Platelet MAO activity and comorbid personality disorders were investigated in 72 patients with different subtypes of eating disorders (ED) and in a group of 28 healthy controls. ED patients comprised the following subtypes: 25 anorexia nervosa (AN) restrictive, 14 AN binge eating-purging (AN b-p), 3 anorexia nervosa not otherwise specified (AN NOS) and 30 bulimia nervosa (BN). Personality disorders and traits were assessed with the Structured Interview for Personality Disorders (SCID-II), the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder, and the Barrat Impulsiveness Scale. Platelet MAO activity was significantly lower in ED patients with comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) than in ED without Borderline personality disorder (BDP). Platelet MAO activity was significantly and inversely correlated with the number and severity of BPD clinical features. In the subsample of patients with binge eating-purging symptoms (AN b-p, AN NOS and BN), platelet MAO activity was significantly lower in binge-purge patients with comorbid BPD than in binge-purge patients without BPD. The whole group of eating disorders had a significantly reduced lever of platelet MAO activity compared with the control group. The results suggest that low platelet MAO activity might characterize eating disorders with comorbid borderline personality traits, reflecting greater serotonin dysfunction in these patients. The role of decreased platelet MAO as an endophenotype with specific clinical manifestations should be explored in future studies.
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PMID:Psychobiology of borderline personality traits related to subtypes of eating disorders: a study of platelet MAO activity. 2165 81

Cannabis use seems to play a causal role in the development of psychotic disorders. Recent evidence suggests that it may also precipitate onset in bipolar disorder. We here investigate if there is a dose-response relationship between cannabis use and age at onset in bipolar disorder, and whether there are interactions between cannabis use and illness characteristics (presenting polarity and presence of psychosis). Consecutively recruited patients with a DSM-IV, SCID verified diagnosis of bipolar I, II or NOS disorder (n=324) participated. Two-way ANCOVAS were used to investigate the effect of levels of cannabis use (<10 times during one month lifetime, >10 times during one month lifetime or a cannabis use disorder) on age at onset, including interaction effects with illness characteristics, while controlling for possible confounders. There was a significant association indicating a dose-response relationship between cannabis use and age at onset, which remained statistically significant after controlling for possible confounders (gender, bipolar subtype, family history of severe mental illness and alcohol or other substance use disorders). There were no interaction effects between cannabis use and presenting polarity or presence of psychosis. Doses of cannabis used may affect the age at onset of bipolar disorder.
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PMID:Indications of a dose-response relationship between cannabis use and age at onset in bipolar disorder. 2426 65