Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.4.3.11 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
4,437 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds was studied in extracts of Penicillium atrovenetum which had been grown under conditions in which beta-nitropropionic acid (BNP) synthesis varied from 0 to 12.5 mumoles per ml. None of the extracts was able to oxidize ammonium ion or nitrite. An enzyme was detected which catalyzed the oxidation of hydroxylamine with cytochrome c as the electron acceptor. The activity of this enzyme was not related to the ability of the organism to produce BNP. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were detected only in P. atrovenetum cultures grown on nitrate as a nitrogen source. These results indicated that BNP synthesis is probably not directly associated with the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds and that an organic pathway for the formation of the nitro group is more likely. The activities of certain enzymes related to the metabolism of aspartic acid were investigated. Aspartate ammonia-lyase activity could not be detected in P. atrovenetum extracts. Aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were found in the extracts but were highest in the cultures which did not produce BNP. beta-Nitroacrylic acid reductase activity was highest in extracts of cultures which were actively synthesizing BNP.
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PMID:Role of ammonium ion in the biosynthesis of beta-nitropropionic acid. 580 74

Enzymatic techniques were used to study the metabolism of carbohydrates by ruminal bacteria. A direct relationship was observed between the proportions of acetate and propionate formed and the specific activities of the enzymes which participate in forming these acids. An inverse relationship between butyrate formation and butyrate-forming enzymes was observed. The relative activities of succinic dehydrogenase to fumaric reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked glutamic dehydrogenase to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked glutamic dehydrogenase, and pyridine nucleotide-nonlinked lactic dehydrogenase to pyridine nucleotide-linked lactic dehydrogenase were affected by the level of concentrates in the diet. Lactyl coenzyme A dehydrase activity was below the limits of the assay technique in many samples from the alfalfa hay diet, and increased to relatively high levels when concentrates were fed. It is suggested that the enzymatic method will prove valuable for studying the contributions of individual microorganisms to the overall ruminal metabolism, and, with certain limitations, useful for estimating the relative contributions of alternate pathways.
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PMID:Enzymatic techniques for the study of pathways of carbohydrate utilization in the rumen. 595 Feb 50

Enzyme histological changes have been studied in several optic projection areas after right optic nerve lesion in goldfish. An increase in acid phosphatase activity was found in the optic tectum, nucleus rotundus, nucleus geniculatus lateralis and area pretectalis between 2 and 15 days postoperatively. The enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase showed a decrease in activity in all or some of these projection areas. No changes were found in acetylcholinesterase activity after optic nerve lesions. Three weeks postoperatively, all enzyme activities returned to the same level as on the normal side. The results are discussed in relation to possible neurotransmitters in goldfish optic terminals.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical changes in some optic projection areas of the goldfish after optic nerve lesions. 626 19

After sectioning of the goldfish optic nerve a number of enzyme histochemical changes are observed in the hypertrophied retinal ganglion cells and in the optic nerve. Between one and eighteen days postoperatively an increase in the amount of acid phosphatase reaction product is noted. The enhanced activity decreased to normal first in the optic nerve, followed by the optic tract and tectum. Four days postoperatively higher levels of activity were noted in the hypertrophic retinal ganglion cells for the enzymes NADH tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The same enzymes also showed an activity increase in the lesioned optic nerve after four to ten days postoperatively, beginning at the cut and gradually spreading towards the optic tectum. Between fifteen and eighteen days the activity dropped to normal in the hypertrophic retinal ganglion cells, while in the lesioned nerve raised levels of reaction products could be seen till days thirty-five and/or forty-five. It was concluded that the degeneration of the optic pathway is marked by the increase of acid phosphatase activity, whereas the process of regeneration is characterized by an increase of NADH tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. The possible functional implications of these enzymes in the regenerative phenomena are discussed.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical changes in retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve after goldfish optic nerve lesion. A regenerative and hypertrophic phenomena study. 648 96

Adipose tissue from fetuses decapitated at 45 d of gestation was removed and structurally and histochemically analyzed at 65, 85 and 110 d of gestation. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from decapitated and control fetuses at 65 d of gestation was histologically and histochemically similar. A reduced number of fat cell clusters in the outer layer of subcutaneous tissue and a poorly developed dermis was evident in decapitated fetuses at 85 d of gestation. Fat cell size was similar for control and decapitated fetuses at 65 d of gestation, whereas cells in 85 d-old decapitated fetuses were larger than cells in control fetuses. Adipocytes from control and 85 d-old decapitated fetuses were histochemically similar except for an elevated number of esterase positive cells in decapitated fetuses. At 110 d of gestation, adipocytes from decapitated fetuses had higher activities of the following enzymes than did control adipocytes: malate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent) glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase NADP dependent), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent), alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent), NADPH-tetrazoleum reductase and esterase. Levels of succinate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and NADH-tetrazoleum reductase were similar in cells from controls and decapitated fetuses. These data indicate that fetal decapitation probably exerts a positive influence on enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. However, fetal decapitation also exerts a negative influence on fat cell hyperplasia.
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PMID:Histochemical and cellular aspects of adipose tissue development in decapitated pig fetuses: an ontogeny study. 674 43

Lantana camara caused, in guinea pigs, a decrease in hepatic mitochondrial protein content. The phospholipid to protein ratio did not change but there was a marked increase in the cholesterol to protein ratio and the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio. Enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and Mg2+-ATPase increased, while the activity of NADH-ferricyanide reductase remained unaffected. Mitochondrial swelling, in the absence or presence of ascorbic acid, decreased in hepatic mitochondria from lantana-intoxicated guinea pigs.
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PMID:Biochemical effects of the plant Lantana camara on guinea pig liver mitochondria. 713 17

Current cell disruption and fractionation techniques are time consuming and unsuitable for metabolic studies. We have developed a rapid method for platelets in which separation of cytosol and particle fraction is obtained within 50 s. Isolated platelet suspensions were incubated with low concentrations of digitonin followed by separation of soluble and particle fraction by centrifugation through a phthalate layer. Cell disruption was 90.1+/-4.2% (mean+/-SD, n=18; lactate dehydrogenase leakage). Contamination of granules: acid hydrolase vesicles 16.2+/-3.6% (n=18, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase), dense granules 7--9% (n=3, 14C-serotonin), mitochondrial matrix 0.6+/-0.1% (n=18, glutamate dehydrogenase). Low concentrations of digitonin did not affect sialic acid content, nucleoside diphosphate kinase and phosphodiesterase activity in isolated membranes. The method showed that most enzymes of glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt were localized in the cytosol except for hexokinase (96% particle bound), phosphoglucose isomerase (10% bound) and glutathion reductase (26% bound). About half the total ATP+ADP and most glycolytic intermediates were found partly particle bound, especially fructose 1,6-diphosphate (40% bound). The data suggest that in platelets glycolysis occurs in different cell compartments.
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PMID:Rapid separation of cytosol and particle fraction of human platelets by digitonin-induced cell damage. 737 1

Pharmacokinetics of the two anthelmintic drugs mebendazole and thiabendazole were determined in sheep before and 4, 8, 13, 19, and 25 weeks after an infestation of animals by an oral administration of 150 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The parasitic pathology was ascertained by the increase in plasma enzyme activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. After oral administration of mebendazole (25 mg.kg-1), the parent drug and especially its reduced metabolite were present in plasma of animals. A significant 1.5- to 2.7-fold increase in the mean residence time occurred by Weeks 13 to 25 postinfection. This change was related to decreases in both the elimination from the pharmacokinetic compartment representing the reduced metabolite and the area under the curve of plasma metabolite concentration versus time. A 59% decrease in MBZ reduction was demonstrated in liver microsomes prepared from 12-week-infected sheep. This reductase activity was characterized by NADPH dependency and a pH peak activity of 6.0 and was competitively inhibited by daunomycin. In sheep receiving a 50 mg.kg-1 oral dose of thiabendazole, fascioliasis provoked only decreased plasma concentrations of the metabolite 5-hydroxythiabendazole by Weeks 4 to 25 postinfection. This change parallels an increase in urinary excretion of free metabolite but this is of minor significance in the general fate of the drug because of the prevalence of excretion as conjugates. In summary, fascioliasis appears to have more of an effect on the pharmacokinetics of mebendazole, a drug intensively metabolized by the liver into a metabolite present at high concentrations in the plasma of animals and humans.
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PMID:Fasciola hepatica: mebendazole and thiabendazole pharmacokinetics in sheep. 791 96

Effects of STZ diabetes and treatment with insulin on cerebral mitochondrial metabolism in the male and female rats were examined. Diabetic state resulted in generalized decrease in the state 3 respiration rates in the males with practically all the substrates except glutamate where the opposite effect was seen. Diabetic state had no adverse effect on the respiratory activity in the females. Insulin treatment had no restorative effect in the males. By contrast in the females, adverse effects were noted. The cytochromes contents decreased in STZ diabetes with the effect being more pronounced in the males; treatment with 1 unit of insulin restored the cytochromes contents. STZ diabetes also resulted in decreased dehydrogenases activities with the effect being more pronounced in the females: insulin treatment resulted in hyper-stimulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and succinate DCIP reductase activities; restoration of malate dehydrogenase activity was only partial. The results point out that STZ diabetes and insulin treatments differentially affect cerebral mitochondrial energy metabolism in the male and female rats.
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PMID:Insulin status differentially affects energy transduction in cerebral mitochondria from male and female rats. 1662 78

The effects of nitrogen source NO(3) (-) or NH(4) (+) on nitrogen metabolism during the first 2 weeks of germination of the rice seedling (Oryza sativa L., var. IR22) grown in nutrient solution containing 40 mug/ml N were studied. Total, soluble protein, and free amino N levels were higher in the NH(4) (+)-grown seedling, particularly during the 1st week of germination. Asparagine accounted for most of the difference in free amino acid level, in both the root and the shoot. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were present mainly in the shoot and were higher in the NO(3) (-)-grown seedling, whereas the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in the root tended to be lower than that of the NH(4) (+)-grown seedling during the 1st week of germination. Glycolate oxidase and catalase activities were present mainly in the shoot. Maximum activity of the above five enzymes occurred 7 to 10 days after germination. Differences in the zymograms of nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and catalase were mainly between shoot and root and not from N source. Nitrite reductase bands were observed only in plants grown in plants grown in NO(3) (-).Ten-day-old seedlings of three rices differing in level of grain protein did not differ in the level of N fractions and of enzyme activities, which were consistent with their differences in grain protein content.
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PMID:Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the rice seedling. 1665


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