Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.4.3.11 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
4,437 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A flow-injection biosensor system was developed for the amperometric determination of creatinine based on coupled reactions of three sequentially aligned enzyme reactors, creatinine deiminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxidase, using an oxygen electrode as the detector. To overcome the problem of endogenous ammonia and glutamate, the flow was split into two channels after the injector and rejoined before the glutamate dehydrogenase reactor. Double peak recording was obtained by setting a delay coil and a reference column in one of the two channels. The first peak gave the sum response of creatinine, endogenous ammonia, and glutamate, and the second that of endogenous ammonia and glutamate. By this method compensation for endogenous ammonia and glutamate, as well as for interfering ascorbic acid, was achieved simultaneously. The system gave linear calibrations up to 2 mM for the first peak and 3 mM for the second one. The lower detection limits were 0.1 and 0.02 mM for 35- and 100-microliters injection of sample, respectively. One run was completed within 2 min. The system showed good reproducibility (< 3%) and long operational stability (> 1300 runs). The assay results of creatinine in urine showed good correlation with those obtained from the chemical method of Jaffe.
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PMID:A flow-injection biosensor system for the amperometric determination of creatinine: simultaneous compensation of endogenous interferents. 809 88

The serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and creatinine kinase was studied in 81 patients with chronic alcoholism and 31 patients with alcoholic psychoses. Eighty-one healthy apparently non-drinkers served as a control group. It is concluded that when acute alcoholic psychoses develop, patients with chronic alcoholism display a simultaneous increase in the activity of enzymes releasing from damaged muscular and hepatic tissues. This makes the application of a number of the diagnostic criteria developed in classical clinical enzymology impossible. The phenomenon of concurrent increases in the activity of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase by 4 times or more has been proposed to be used as a criteria for identifying alcoholic psychosis in alcoholics.
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PMID:[The characteristics of the changes in the blood enzyme activity of patients with acute alcoholic psychoses]. 815 28

We describe an improved enzymatic ultraviolet absorbance method for assaying creatinine in serum, plasma, and urine. Creatinine is hydrolyzed by creatinine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.21) to ammonia and N-methylhydantoin. The ammonia produced combines with 2-oxoglutarate and NADPH in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase to yield glutamate and NADP+. The consumption of NADPH, measured by a two-point fixed-time assay, is proportional to the amount of creatinine in the sample. The assay is carried out in two steps: The first step eliminates background absorbance in hyperlipemic samples and endogenous ammonia through a "clearing system" and an isocitrate dehydrogenase-based "ammonia scavenger system"; the second step starts creatinine measurement. The method affords a simple, rapid, and sensitive assay with good precision and extended linearity; it employs working solutions stable at least 4 months. Test results compare closely with those of the isotope dilution-mass spectrometry Definitive Method, the HPLC procedure, and the fuller's earth method. The proposed method is not subject to interference from several metabolites or from the 72 drugs tested. Because it is easily automated, the method is suitable for routine work in clinical laboratories.
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PMID:A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinine. 828 20

A two-step method for assaying creatinine in serum and urine samples, suitable with automated analyzers, is reported. Reagent 1, for the first step, contains a blanking system [creatine amidinohydrolase (CRTase), urease, glutamate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and 2-oxoglutarate] and a NADPH-regenerating system [Mg(2+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), MgCl2, and excess isocitrate]. Reagent 2, for the second step, contains the metal-chelating reagent trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CyDTA) and a trigger system [creatinine amidohydrolase (CRNase)]. When a specimen is mixed with reagent 1, all the creatine, urea, and NH3 present are removed by the blanking and NADPH systems. On adding reagent 2, CyDTA inactivates ICD to inhibit the NADPH system. Simultaneously, the creatinine (1 mol) in the specimen is hydrolyzed into creatine by CRNase, and then releases NADP+ (2 mol) through the blanking system. Our optimized method can determine creatinine linearly up to 500 mg/L, with within-day CVs < 1.2% and day-to-day CVs < 2.7%.
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PMID:Enzymatic rate assay of creatinine in serum and urine. 840 98

In the period of March 1988-March 1989, in 20 Lower Austrian sheep breeding farms blood samples were taken in two-month intervals from sheep of the following breeds: 130 Tyrolean Mountain sheep, 59 German Improved Land breed, 59 East Friesian and 57 German Blackheaded Mutton breed sheep. The following standards for sheep were evaluated: Erythrocytes 7,2-11,9 T/L, haematocrit 0,25-0,41 1/L, haemoglobin 82-147 g/L, lymphocytes 34-80%, segmented neutrophils 10-53%, band neutrophils 1-3%, eosinophilic granulocytes 0-24%, basophilic granulocytes 0-1%, monocytes 0-1%, calcium 1,8-2,8 mmol/L, phosphorus 1,0-2,6 mmol/L, magnesium 0,6-1,3 mmol/L, total protein 53-81 g/L, albumin 22-41 g/L, aspartate aminotransferase 27-81 U/L, alanine aminotransferase 3-25 U/L, gamma glutamic transaminase 24-59 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 44-355 U/L, creatine kinase 3-130 U/L, glutamic dehydrogenase 2,0-36,5 U/L, total bilirubin 0,7-5,1 mumol/L, cholesterol 1,1-3,2 mmol/l, urea nitrogen 1,3-12,7 mmol/l, creatinine 50-112 mumol/L. Apart from that, additional standards for the mentioned breeds of sheep were evaluated, revealing significant differences. Also the age and the time of the year proved to have an influence upon the ascertained blood values.
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PMID:[The hematologic parameters, concentrations of minerals and metabolic products and activities of enzymes in sheep]. 847 Oct 13

Ten scientific organizations formed a joint international committee to provide expert recommendations for clinical pathology testing of laboratory animal species used in regulated toxicity and safety studies. For repeated-dose studies in rodent species, clinical pathology testing is necessary at study termination. Interim study testing may not be necessary in long-duration studies provided that it has been done in short-duration studies using dose levels not substantially lower than those used in the long-duration studies. For repeated-dose studies in nonrodent species, clinical pathology testing is recommended at study termination and at least once at an earlier interval. For studies of 2 to 6 weeks in duration in nonrodent species, testing is also recommended within 7 days of initiation of dosing, unless it compromises the health of the animals. If a study contains recovery groups, clinical pathology testing at study termination is recommended. The core hematology tests recommended are total leukocyte (white blood cell) count, absolute differential leukocyte count, erythrocyte (red blood cell) count, evaluation of red blood cell morphology, platelet (thrombocyte) count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit (or packed cell volume), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. In the absence of automated reticulocyte counting capabilities, blood smears from each animal should be prepared for reticulocyte counts. Bone marrow cytology slides should be prepared from each animal at termination. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (or appropriate alternatives) and platelet count are the minimum recommended laboratory tests of hemostasis. The core clinical chemistry tests recommended are glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calculated globulin, calcium, sodium, potassium, total cholesterol, and appropriate hepatocellular and hepatobiliary tests. For hepatocellular evaluation, measurement of a minimum of two scientifically appropriate blood tests is recommended, e.g., alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, or total bile acids. For hepatobiliary evaluation, measurement of a minimum of two scientifically appropriate blood tests is recommended, e.g., alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, 5' -nucleotidase, total bilirubin, or total bile acids. Urinalysis should be conducted at least once during a study. For routine urinalysis, an overnight collection (approximately 16 hr) is recommended. It is recommended that the core tests should include an assessment of urine appearance (color and turbidity), volume, specific gravity or osmolality, pH, and either the quantitative or semiquantitative determination of total protein and glucose. For carcinogenicity studies, only blood smears should be made from unscheduled sacrifices (decedents) and at study termination to aid in the identification and differentiation of hematopoietic neoplasia.
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PMID:Harmonization of animal clinical pathology testing in toxicity and safety studies. The Joint Scientific Committee for International Harmonization of Clinical Pathology Testing. 874 16

One calf was dosed during one day with an aqueous extract from 3.0 kg (wet weight) of Narthecium ossifragum and another was dosed on the same day with the insoluble plant residue. The concentrations of serum creatinine and magnesium increased only in the calf dosed with the aqueous extract, while the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase increased only in the serum of the calf dosed with the plant residue, so differentiating the nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic principles as water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds, respectively. One calf was dosed with 30 g (wet weight) N. ossifragum flower stems per kg live weight during one day and another was dosed with 30 g (wet weight) N. ossifragum leaves per kg live weight on the same day. The serum creatinine and urea concentrations and also the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the serum increased in the calf dosed with the flower stems, whereas there was only a slight temporary increase in the creatinine concentration in serum from the calf dosed with the leaves. However, histopathological examination of the kidneys of the calf dosed with the flower stems revealed severe tubular necrosis and degeneration. It therefore appears that both the toxic principles are present in the flower stems of N. ossifragum rather than in its leaves. The serum creatinine concentration was significantly increased in a non-ruminating calf dosed with an aqueous extract from 32 g (wet weight) N. ossifragum per kg liveweight during one day, showing the intrinsic nephrotoxicity of the plant.
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PMID:Further studies on the presence, qualities and effects of the toxic principles from Narthecium ossifragum plants. 906 86

Seven goats were given a single dose of an aqueous extract derived from 30 g (wet weight) of Narthecium ossifragum per kg liveweight. Their serum creatinine and urea concentrations increased to day 5 but then fell to normal by day 10. Serum magnesium increased to day 4 and decreased to normal by day 9. Their serum calcium concentration was lower than normal on days 4, 5 and 6. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of goats killed or found dead 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 or 16 days after dosing revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis. Regeneration of the tubular epithelium and signs of interstitial fibroplast proliferation and fibrosis could be seen in animals killed on days 8, 11, 16 and 42. No signs of liver damage were observed in 3 goats dosed with the insoluble plant material from 40 g (wet weight) Narthecium ossifragum per kg liveweight. The total dose was divided into three doses, which were given intraruminally within 7 h. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase remained within the normal range in all 10 goats after dosing.
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity in goats caused by dosing with a water extract from the stems of Narthecium ossifragum plants. 934 17

In 837 birds which died or were euthanatized because of their disease, blood could be taken within 12 hours before death. Blood chemistry results were compared with specific necropsy findings of different organs. The parameters aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), glucose, total protein, uric acid, urea and creatinine were measured. Possible reasons for the bad comparability of blood chemistry results and organ lesions are discussed. Glucose and creatinine were found not to be useful in a routine panel for avian patients.
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PMID:[Problems in the interpretation of blood chemistry results in birds]. 945 38

Seven female and three male common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) collected from forested areas of Victoria (Australia) over a 10 mo period, 10 April 1997 to 22 February 1998 had at least 30% of their skin affected by severe hyperkeratotic sarcoptic mange. Mangy wombats were grazing during the day, could be readily approached, were in poor body condition, and lacked subcutaneous fat. The anterolateral surface of the body was most heavily parasitised with Sarcoptes scabiei var wombati followed by the posterolateral surface, the dorsal region between the ears, the ears, ventral abdomen, medial aspect of the legs, axillary and inguinal areas, and the dorsal midline. Larvae were the most prevalent life-cycle stage followed by eggs, nymphs, females, and males. Mite numbers and the severity of clinical signs, namely thickness of scale crust and the degree of alopecia, were correlated and were symmetrical on each side of the body. Fissuring of crust and skin only occurred when scale crust was present. Bacterial infections occurred in three of 10 wombats within lymph nodes or the pleural cavity. Lymphoid depletion did not occur in lymph nodes or spleens and prescapular lymph nodes contained a greater amount of nuclear debris in germinal centres than non-mangy wombats. Seven wombats had fatty change in their livers. Gonads of mature wombats were not active or had minimal activity. Significant histopathological changes were not seen in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, brain, myocardium, spleen, thyroid, reproductive tract, and gonads. Hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and concentrations of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, calcium, glucose, creatinine, total solids, total protein, albumin determined both colormetrically and electrophoretically, and globulins were significantly lower and concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, phosphorus, urea, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase were significantly higher in mangy versus captive wombats. Concentrations of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, leucocytes, band neutrophils, eosinophils, nucleated erythrocytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyltransferase for mangy wombats were not significantly different from that reported for captive wombats. Hematological and pathological changes in mangy wombats were consistent with anemia, inflammation, and changes seen with starvation.
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PMID:Distribution of life cycle stages of Sarcoptes scabiei var wombati and effects of severe mange on common wombats in Victoria. 1057 22


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