Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:1.4.1.4 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
4,358 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrophoretic variation of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent) has been studied in the African murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi and their subspecies. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used throughout. The number of isolates examined in each subspecies varied from 1 (P. y. nigeriensis) to 24 (P. c. chabaudi). Extensive enzyme variation was found among isolates of most of the subspecies from which more than two such isolates were available for study. It is clear that the phenomenon of enzyme polymorphism is of common occurrence among malaria parasites. With the exception of P. berghei and P. yoelii, of which all isolates share an identical electrophoretic form of lactate dehydrogenase, no enzyme forms are shared between any of the 4 species of murine plasmodia. By contrast, within each species common enzyme forms are shared among each of the subspecies. The subspecies are nevertheless, distinguished from each other by the electrophoretic forms of at least one enzyme. The distribution and reassortment of enzyme variation among isolates of a single subspecies is in accordance with the concept of malaria parasites as sexually reproducing organisms. The study of variation among parasites present in individual wild-caught rodent hosts demonstrates that natural malarial infections usually comprise genetically heterogeneous populations of parasites. Nevertheless, the number of genetically distinct types of parasite of any one species present in a single infected host appears to be small. Generally not more than 2 or 3 clones of parasite of distinct genetic constitution are present in a single infected animal.
...
PMID:Studies on enzyme variation in the murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi by starch gel electrophoresis. 35 25

Enzymes of parasite origin were identified by starch-gel electrophoresis. The species of parasite studied were Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, Babesia rodhaini and Anthemosoma garnhami. Lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and (NADP) glutamate dehydrogenase were detected in all species; phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detected in both Plasmodium species but malate dehydrogenase only in P. y. nigeriensis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not detected in any parasite.
...
PMID:Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites. I. Identification of enzymes of parasite origin by starch-gel electrophoresis. 38 67

The occurrence and levels of activity of various enzymes of carbohydrate catabolism in culture forms (promastigotes) of 4 human species of Leishmania (L. brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. mexicana, and L. tropica) were compared. These organisms possess enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but lack lactate dehydrogenase. No evidence could be found for the production of lactic acid by growing cultures and lactic acid could not be detected either in cell-free preparations or after incubation of cell-free extracts with pyruvate and NADH under appropriate conditions. All 4 species possess alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate phosphatase which together could regenerate NAD, thus compensating for the absence of lactate dehydrogenase. The oxidative and nonoxidative reactions of the hexose monophosphate pathway are present in all 4 species. Cell-free extracts have pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which allows the entry of pyruvate into and its subsequent oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. All enzymes of this cycle, including a thiamine pyrophosphate dependent alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, are present. Both NAD and NADP-linked malate dehydrogenase activities are present. The isocitrate dehydrogenase is NADP specific. There is an active glutamate dehydrogenase which could compete with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase for the common substrate (alpha-ketoglutarate). Replenishment of C4 acids is accomplished by heterotrophic CO2 fixation catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. All 4 species have high levels of NADH oxidase activity. Several enzymes thus far not found in any species of Leishmania have been demonstrated. These are: phosphoglucose isomerase, triose phosphate isomerase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate phosphatase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, citrate synthase, aconitase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidase.
...
PMID:Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in four human species of Leishmania: a comparative survey. 100 46

Nineteen southern African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using 5 enzymes (glucose phosphate isomerase, adenosine deaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Limited variation was found amongst the isolates and the frequencies of variants were similar to those of isolates from other parts of the world. Eight of the isolates contained 2 forms of glucose phosphate isomerase, indicating clonal heterogeneity. One of these 8 isolates also contained 2 forms of adenosine deaminase and another showed 2 forms of lactate dehydrogenase.
...
PMID:Enzyme typing of southern African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 209 43

185 isolates of Plasmodium vivax were collected from patients visiting the malaria clinic run by the National Malaria Eradication Programme, Delhi, India. Percoll gradient centrifugation was used to concentrate P. vivax parasites from 0.4 to 0.5 ml of blood collected by finger prick. The parasite concentrate from each isolate was electrophoretically analysed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and adenosine deaminase (ADA). Variations were observed in GPI, GDH and ADA systems. Four electrophoretic forms of GPI and 5 each of GDH and ADA were observed. Electrophoretic mobilities of the different isoenzymic forms in P. vivax were identical to those reported for P. falciparum, indicating that the 2 species cannot be differentiated on the basis of electrophoretic patterns of the 4 enzyme systems studied.
...
PMID:Plasmodium vivax: enzyme polymorphism in isolates of Indian origin. 269 26

Fifteen isolates of blood containing Plasmodium vivax were collected from hospital in-patients in Rangoon and the schizonts were harvested for starch gel electrophoresis of the following parasite isoenzymes--glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) (EC.5.3.1.9), NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (EC.1.4.1.4), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (EC.1.1.1.27) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) (EC.1.1.1.43). Variation was found only in GPI. The other three isoenzymes appeared to be invariant in all the isolates. Forms of GPI were recorded in two isolates of P. vivax which differed from those reported for P. falciparum; these new forms were designated GPI-4 and GPI-5.
...
PMID:Isoenzyme variation in schizonts of Plasmodium vivax from Burma. 301 88

The metabolic pathways of glucose were studied by histochemical reactions in some species of gastropods living in different habitats. The glycolytic pathway is histochemically indicated by positive results for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and D-lactate dehydrogenase. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle gave different responses: isocitrate dehydrogenase and L-malate dehydrogenase were positive, whilst succinate dehydrogenase was constantly negative. Malate synthetase activity was also demonstrated. Despite L-glutamate dehydrogenase is undetectable, the presence of transaminase indicates the gluconeogenetic route. Phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase appear also positive. The metabolic meaning of our results were discussed.
...
PMID:Histochemical research on metabolic pathways of glucose in some species of Mollusca Gastropoda. 311 Nov 50

Effect of naphthoquinone levels on the activity of enzymes involved in glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycles was studied in male rats. Under conditions of primary and secondary K-avitaminosis the enzymatic activity, limiting these cycles, (aldolase of fructose-1,6-diphosphate, glucose phosphate isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) was increased, while the mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase activity was decreased. As a result of metabolic transformations under conditions of K-avitaminosis (primary and secondary) concentration of DNA in the animal tissues was lowered.
...
PMID:[The effect of vitamin K on the activity of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes]. 342 Aug 14

We used high-resolution polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PGGE) to separate four babesial enzymes to aid in the identification of two Babesia microti isolates established in hamsters. The isolates were compared to two different hamsters passages of the "Gray" strain. All isoenzymes patterns from the two isolates and the "Gray" strain were similar except glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) from one of the "Gray" strain passages. It showed a polymorphic GPI pattern as opposed to a monomorphic GPI pattern seen in the other "Gray" strain passage and the two isolates. The observed differences suggested that some population of B. microti are capable of having polymorphic GPI, that the "Gray" strain originally contained (and may still contain) a heterogeneous population of B. microti, and that the population possessing polymorphic GPI was selected over that with monomorphic GPI. This information was obtained by a PGGE method that eliminated hemoglobin from gels and allowed, for the first time, detection of babesial leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). In addition, this method provided molecular weight estimations on babesial GPI, LAP, IDH, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and it proved useful in the identification and characterization of the B. microti isolates.
...
PMID:Isoenzyme analysis of Babesia microti infections in humans. 373 51

Octanoic acid inhibits, in vitro, the bacterial enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, fumarase, lactate dehydrogenase, and the malic enzyme of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. The free fatty acid appears to act as an inhibitor of lipogenesis, although it does not affect the rate of gluconeogenesis. To demonstrate that this inhibition may be of physiological significance in vivo, those enzymes not involved in lipogenesis, such as fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphohexoisomerase, aconitase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADP glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate lyase, were assayed and found not to be inhibited by the free fatty acid.
...
PMID:Selective inhibition of bacterial enzymes by free fatty acids. 430 71


1 2 3 4 Next >>

---