Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.4.1.4 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
4,358 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sheep received a single intragastric dose of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mmol F-/kg. Mild signs occurred at 1.5 mmol F-/kg and the animals recovered 2 days later. With the 2.0 mmol F-/kg dose all animals showed dullness, anorexia, and mild diarrhea which decreased from the third day. Dose-related congestion of duodenum, liver, kidney, and lung was observed in all animals. For the two higher doses kidney degeneration and tubular necrosis were associated with glomerular inflammation. Serum fluoride had a dose-related increase and was still significantly elevated on Day 7 for sheep given doses higher than or equal to 1.0 mmol F-/kg. Serum calcium and glucose levels were significantly lowered for all doses on the first day and the decrease was dose-related. In sheep given 2.0 mmol F-/kg total proteins and sodium were significantly lowered, whereas potassium and urea were increased (p less than 0.05); alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were both lowered (p less than 0.01) on the first day and ALP was still lowered on Day 7. For the highest dose glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was increased on Days 1 and 7 and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was increased on Day 1 and lowered on Day 7. Diuresis was increased for the two higher doses in Day 3 or 4 following dosage. A dose-related increase of daily fluoride excretion occurred for all doses on Day 1 and fluoride excretion was still significantly elevated on Day 7 except for the lowest dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Experimental acute sodium fluoride poisoning in sheep: renal, hepatic, and metabolic effects. 286 58

During the summer of 1992 renal failure was diagnosed in 232 grazing cattle in 85 herds on the west coast of Norway. The salient clinical signs were depression, anorexia and melaena or fresh blood in the faeces; diarrhoea was also commonly observed. The serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, magnesium and phosphorus, and the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase were above normal and the serum calcium concentration was below normal. Post mortem examinations consistently revealed renal tubular necrosis. In some cases there was liver necrosis and also erosions at the base of the tongue, in the oesophagus and in the jejunum and colon. The toxicity was probably caused by the plant Narthecium ossifragum (bog asphodel).
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity of Narthecium ossifragum in cattle in Norway. 750 63

We have developed a gene transfer system for the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. This organism is responsible for many cases of diarrhea worldwide and is considered to be one of the most primitive eukaryotes. Expression of a heterologous gene was detected in this parasite after electroporation with appropriate DNA constructs. We constructed a series of transfection plasmids using flanking sequences of the Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene to drive expression of the firefly luciferase reporter gene. The optimal construct consisted of a GDH/luciferase fusion gene in which the first 18 codons of the GDH gene immediately preceded the luciferase gene; this fusion gene was flanked by the upstream and downstream sequences of the GDH gene. Electroporation of this construct into Giardia yielded luciferase activity that was 3000- to 50,000-fold above background. Removal of either the 5' or 3' GDH flanking sequences from this construct resulted in significantly reduced luciferase activity, and removal of both flanking sequences reduced luciferase activity to background levels. Luciferase activity was proportional to the amount of DNA electroporated and was maximal at 6 hr after electroporation.
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PMID:Transient transfection and expression of firefly luciferase in Giardia lamblia. 777 58

Experimental, subclinical acidosis was induced by oral administration of sacharose during the last 2 months of pregnancy in 15 cows. Seven cows and their newborn calves were used as a control group. The liver enzyme activities in the serum and the blood acid-base status were determined in the 15 calves from the cows in the experimental group. Mannitol was administered orally to 8 calves from the experimental group to induce osmotic diarrhoea. It was concluded that subclinical acidosis in pregnant cows alters the biochemical liver profile of their newborn calves, affecting the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, beta glucuronidase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin activities in the serum, which are associated with oedematous changes to the hepatocytes. Diarrhoea was accompanied by an increase in the alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transferase activities and a decrease in the total protein concentration in the serum. These changes were apparently related to the numerous necrotic foci in the liver and the proliferation of the Kuppfer cells. It would appear from these results that the liver damage in the newborn calves was associated with the subclinical, metabolic acidosis in their dams and that osmotic diarrhoea occurring in the neonatal period additionally impaired the liver function.
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PMID:Changes in the profile of liver enzymes in newborn calves induced by experimental, subclinical acidosis in pregnant cows and osmotic diarrhoea. 886 78

We studied 557 nonduplicate fresh stool specimens from adult patients clinically suspected of having Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. All samples were tested in parallel with an in-house cytotoxin B tissue culture assay (CTA), the C DIFFICILE TOX A/B II test (TA/B; TechLab, Blacksburg, VA), and the Triage Micro C DIFFICILE Panel (Biosite Diagnostics, San Diego, CA). The Triage device detects toxin A (TA) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) simultaneously. Of the specimens, 350 were negative and 95 were positive for all markers. Another 112 specimens yielded discrepant results. The CTA found 143 positive specimens. Results of the components of the Triage and TA/B were compared separately with those of CTA. GDH was the most sensitive but least specific marker, whereas TA and TA/B were less sensitive but highly specific. Because of these attributes and a quick turnaround time, GDH would be the best screening test for C difficile-associated diarrhea. CTA detected the highest number of cases of C difficile-associated diarrhea and would be most useful as a confirmatory test for GDH-positive and TA-negative specimens.
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PMID:Clinical usefulness of components of the Triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B, and cytotoxin B tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile diarrhea. 1252 Jun 96

We compared a recently marketed enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), TechLab's C. DIFF CHEK-60 (TL-GDH), in combination with the C. difficile Tox A/B II enzyme immunoassay (Tox-A/B) with (i) the Triage C. difficile test, which detects both GDH (TR-GDH) and toxin A (TR-Tox-A); (ii) an in-house cytotoxin assay (C-Tox); and (iii) stool cultures for C. difficile. All C. difficile isolates were tested for the presence of the toxin genes by PCR. If a toxin gene-positive strain of Clostridium difficile was recovered and a toxin was detected by any method, the result was considered to be truly positive. Eighty-seven of 93 and 79 of 93 C. difficile culture-positive samples were also TL-GDH and TR-GDH positive, respectively. No test was able to detect toxin in all samples with true-positive results. Tox-A/B and TR-Tox-A in combination with the GDH detection tests and C-Tox were able to identify 52 and 50 samples with true-positive results. Tox-A/B and TR-Tox-A would have missed 15 and 31% of cases of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, respectively, if used alone.
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PMID:Performance of the TechLab C. DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination with the C. difficile Tox A/B II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. 1547 64

Giardia lamblia, an early diverging eukaryote that infects several species including humans and a major agent of water-borne diarrhea throughout the world, can be infected with a double-stranded RNA virus, giardiavirus (GLV). A chimeric GLV cDNA and green fluorescent protein (GFP) according to the cis-acting signals of the GLV genome required for expression of foreign gene was constructed and its in vitro transcript was electroporated into GLV-infected G. lamblia trophozoites, GFP was expressed transiently. pGDH5/NEO/GLV was constructed by combining the neomycin resistance cassette in which the neomycin phosphotransferase gene was flanked by Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) uncoding regions and the transcription cassette in which the chimera of GLV cDNA and GFP was located downstream from GDH gene promoter on a single plasmid. This plasmid was electroporated into G. lamblia and the transfectants persistently expressed GFP under G418 selection. This stable transfection system should provide a valuable tool for genetic study of G. lamblia.
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PMID:Giardia lamblia: stable expression of green fluorescent protein mediated by giardiavirus. 1571 50

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotics-associated diarrhea (AAD), and accounts for 15-20% of all the cases. Especially, AAD caused by C. difficile is called as C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Diagnosis of CDAD is made by identification of C. difficile in the feces obtained from the patients with diarrhea after administration of antibiotics. We herein compared 3 methods, detection of toxin A and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) as well as culture for C. difficile. Two hundred and thirty-two samples obtained from 148 patients with CDAD were investigated. Fifty-five (23.7%), 56 (24.1%), and 93 (40.1%) of the 232 samples were positive for toxin A, GDH, and culture, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of positive result, and predictive value of negative result of method of detection of toxin A were estimated to 53%, 96%, 90%, 75% and those of GDH were 56%, 99%, 98%, 78%. These results indicated that we should carefully interpret the results obtained by these methods, especially in the cases that showed negative for C. difficile.
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PMID:[Comparison of rapid tests of toxin A and glutamate dehydrogenase and culture for detection of Clostridium diffcile]. 1612 6

Faecal samples from 1007 patients suspected of having diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile infection are investigated for the presence of toxins A and B and for the presence of C. difficile-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Toxigenic culture is performed on all samples and is used as the 'gold standard' for the purpose of the study. A marker for intestinal inflammation, faecal lactoferrin, is used on any samples that give a positive result in any of the above tests. Part of the study also involves an assessment of six commercial toxin kits to detect the presence of C. difficile toxins in faecal samples. This study revealed that the commercial toxin detection kits used can give rise to false-positive and false-negative results and that all demonstrated poor sensitivity when compared to the gold standard of toxigenic culture. Testing of faecal samples for GDH can be useful as a negative screening method as the results of this test show high correlation with culture. Faecal toxin testing can then be performed on all GDH-positive samples (GDH positivity is independent of toxigenicity in strains of C. difficile). The combined use of GDH and toxin testing, coupled with toxigenic culture, revealed that some patients with diarrhoea who harboured toxigenic strains of C. difficile were faecal toxin-negative. Lactoferrin appears to be a useful marker for the presence of inflammatory diarrhoea.
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PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. An evaluation of tests for faecal toxin, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactoferrin and toxigenic culture in the diagnostic laboratory. 1934 18

Stool samples from Belgian patients suffering from abdominal pain and/or diarrhoea were examined for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Cryptosporidium-positive samples were genotyped using the 70 kDa heat shock protein and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (GP60) genes: C. hominis was identified in 54.2% and C. parvum in 45.8% of the samples. Sequencing at the GP60 locus indicated that subgenotype IbA10G2 of C. hominis and subgenotype IIaA15G2R1 of C. parvum were the most prevalent, although several other subgenotypes were identified. For Giardia, sequencing at the beta-giardin, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes revealed assemblage B as the most prevalent (74.4%) in human patients. A high degree of heterogeneity was found, especially on the beta-giardin gene, and to a lesser extent on the GDH gene. Furthermore, using a novel species-specific PCR based on the TPI gene, mixed infections with both assemblage A and B were detected in a large number (32.4%) of human patients, which might have important epidemiological implications.
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PMID:Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in non-outbreak related cases of diarrhoea in human patients in Belgium. 1963 Oct 12


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