Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.4.1.4 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,358 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcoholism is a common disease; it is found in 10% to 15% of all patients admitted to general hospitals. There is no single characteristic finding, but on the other hand, changes as compared with normal values have been reported in the literature for more than 30 frequently assayed clinical chemical and haematological parameters. In the project reported here all 24 clinical chemical parameters and all 8 haematological parameters frequently assayed were studied in each of 82 hospitalized men with a confirmed diagnosis of alcoholism. The diagnosis of alcoholism was made on the basis of the Munich Alcoholism Test (MALT) together with the following standardized assessments and examinations: past history, an alcohol questionnaire, general physical examination and neurological examination. All forms were filled in completely. All steps in the clinical laboratory investigations were standardized, and all were subject to ongoing reliability control. The clinical problem is usually not to differentiate alcohol abusers or alcoholics from healthy persons but rather to identify the alcoholics among a population of patients with a variety of illnesses. For this reason 70 patients from two hospitals who were clearly neither alcohol abusers nor alcoholics were studied in exactly the same manner as the alcoholics. In this combined group of 152 hospitalized patients significant differences were found in the distribution of the values for the alcoholics and the non-alcoholics for the following clinical chemical and haematological parameters: at the 0.1% level gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and at the 1% level glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. From these eight parameters those combinations of between two and six parameters were selected that discriminated best between the alcoholics and the non-alcoholics. Using conventional decision limits the following was found: For the alcoholics two or more of the results for the following five parameters were outside the decision limits given in parentheses: gamma-glutamyltransferase (greater than or equal to 28 U/l), aspartate aminotransferase (greater than or equal to 18 U/l), alanine aminotransferase (greater than or equal to 22 U/l), MCV (greater than or equal to 96 fl), creatinine (less than or equal to 66.3 mumol/l). The diagnostic sensitivity (alcoholics) is 85%, the diagnostic specificity (non-alcoholics) is 64%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Detection and exclusion of alcoholism in men on the basis of clinical laboratory findings. 614 78

We analyzed the stability of the enzymes alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) of a human serum pool during storage in liquid nitrogen for a period of 10 months. Except amylase and creatine kinase, all enzymes were stable. Amylase increased in activity, creatine kinase activity decreased. Therefore, human serum stored at -196 degrees C can be used as satisfactory substitute for lyophilized enzyme control serum in internal quality control and stable enzyme material for optimization of methods.
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PMID:Long-term stability of enzymes in human serum stored in liquid nitrogen. 614 44

The stability of various marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) plasma constituents was investigated after storage at room temperature, 4 degrees C, and -20 degrees C. The method of sequential analysis ensured that the between-run bias of the methods of analysis used was drastically reduced, and the definitions of stability were linked to the imprecision of these methods. Optimal conditions for storage for as long as 48 h depended on the analyte being measured. Room temperature was optimal for cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase; 4 degrees C for protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase; and -20 degrees C for glutathione reductase and alkaline phosphatase. For aspartate amino-transferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, either 4 degrees C or -20 degrees C would be suitable. Reasons are advanced for some conflicting reports in the published work, and we emphasize the need to investigate each analyte and species separately.
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PMID:Stabilities of some constituents of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) plasma under various conditions of storage. 641 8

Activities of 14 enzymes were determined in psoas muscle, smooth muscle, diaphragm, heart, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, salivary glands, zygomatic gland, intestinal mucosa, subcellular fractions, and plasma of the dog. In pups, plasma activity of most enzymes was high, except iditol dehydrogenase (ID), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase (ALS). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ALS, cholinesterase (CHS), creatine kinase (CK), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), and malate dehydrogenase (MD) decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) with increasing age, but in dogs greater than 7 months, all enzymes except CK, HBD, and ALT revealed reasonably constant plasma values. Enzymes ALT, GLD, CHS, and ID are specific for liver, CK and ALS for muscle, HBD to some degree for myocardium, and alpha-amylase for pancreas. The ALP and gamma-glutamyltransferase were located in microsomes, GLD in mitochondria, MD and AST in mitochondria and cytoplasm, and isocitric dehydrogenase, LD, and the other enzymes only in cytoplasm.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in the dog: tissue analyses, plasma values, and intracellular distribution. 703 2

Seven calves were fed a mixture of bog plants containing 15 g (wet matter) Narthecium ossifragum per kg live weight for two consecutive days. Their serum creatinine, urea and magnesium concentrations increased, whereas the serum calcium concentration decreased. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of the 5 calves that were killed revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis. There were signs of liver dysfunction in all the calves including increased aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities. All the calves refused to ingest N. ossifragum after 2 days feeding, and their appetite for hay and concentrate was also reduced. It can be concluded that N. ossifragum is nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic to calves.
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PMID:Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in calves apparently caused by experimental feeding with Narthecium ossifragum. 776 42

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of experimental fasciolosis at various stages of development on the daily food intake of sheep. Five male Churra sheep, 4 months of age, were infected orally with 300 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae over a 30 day period. There was a significant increase in serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) activity from 40 days post-infection and in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity from 60 days post-infection. Both enzyme activities reached maximum levels in the serum of infected animals at 80 days and then progressively decreased. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was significantly increased from 80 to 120 days post-infection. Glycaemia was significantly decreased from 60 days post-infection. The average daily food intake was shown to steadily decrease until approximately 100 days. The coincidence of decreased food intake with the period of significant increase, both in AST and GLDH activities, indicated that damage caused around the time of migration of immature flukes through the liver parenchyma may be involved in appetite depression.
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PMID:Appetite depression in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica L. 788 21

Guinea pigs were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 1.35 mg/kg body weight of mercuric chloride; then various kidney enzymes and extracellular DNA were assayed in urine. Dramatic increases of all studied markers were observed on the first day following treatment. Sequential collection of urines allowed for kinetic studies: membrane markers alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were first released, then cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase, finally extracellular DNA; DNA release is equated with cell death. The features of kidney damage revealed by comparative and quantitative studies of these noninvasive markers suggest that brush border erasure was more extensive than cell necrosis.
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PMID:Kidney tubule enzymes and extracellular DNA in urine as markers for nephrotoxicity in the guinea pig. 791 37

Pharmacokinetics of the two anthelmintic drugs mebendazole and thiabendazole were determined in sheep before and 4, 8, 13, 19, and 25 weeks after an infestation of animals by an oral administration of 150 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The parasitic pathology was ascertained by the increase in plasma enzyme activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. After oral administration of mebendazole (25 mg.kg-1), the parent drug and especially its reduced metabolite were present in plasma of animals. A significant 1.5- to 2.7-fold increase in the mean residence time occurred by Weeks 13 to 25 postinfection. This change was related to decreases in both the elimination from the pharmacokinetic compartment representing the reduced metabolite and the area under the curve of plasma metabolite concentration versus time. A 59% decrease in MBZ reduction was demonstrated in liver microsomes prepared from 12-week-infected sheep. This reductase activity was characterized by NADPH dependency and a pH peak activity of 6.0 and was competitively inhibited by daunomycin. In sheep receiving a 50 mg.kg-1 oral dose of thiabendazole, fascioliasis provoked only decreased plasma concentrations of the metabolite 5-hydroxythiabendazole by Weeks 4 to 25 postinfection. This change parallels an increase in urinary excretion of free metabolite but this is of minor significance in the general fate of the drug because of the prevalence of excretion as conjugates. In summary, fascioliasis appears to have more of an effect on the pharmacokinetics of mebendazole, a drug intensively metabolized by the liver into a metabolite present at high concentrations in the plasma of animals and humans.
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PMID:Fasciola hepatica: mebendazole and thiabendazole pharmacokinetics in sheep. 791 96

Isolated proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from rat kidney were cultured for up to 9 days under serum-free, hormonally-defined conditions on 35-mm polystyrene culture dishes. Several hormonal and growth factor supplements were assessed for their ability to promote growth (increased protein and DNA content) and stability of differentiated phenotype (high activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase as brush-border membrane markers in PT cells; maintenance of high activities of glutamate dehydrogenase as a mitochondrial marker in both PT and DT cells; maintenance of low and high activities of lactate dehydrogenase in PT and DT cells, respectively; expression of cytokeratins). Basal supplemented media (DMEM/F12, 1:1 v/v) contained insulin, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, sodium selenite and transferrin as supplements. Additionally, triiodothyronine selectively promoted growth and stability of differentiated phenotype in PT cells and thyrocalcitonin selectively promoted growth and stability of differentiated phenotype in DT cells. On Day 3 of primary culture, PT and DT cells were incubated for up to 8 h with either tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH; 0.5-10 mM), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK; 1-10 mM), or p-aminophenol (PAP; 1-10 mM) and cellular injury, as assessed by cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase, was determined. DT cells were significantly more susceptible to injury from both tBH and MVK, but the two cell populations were equally susceptible to injury from PAP, which is the same susceptibility pattern seen in freshly isolated cells. These results suggest that primary cultures of rat renal PT and DT cells reflect similar biochemical properties as freshly isolated cells and are, therefore, useful models for study of chemically induced injury.
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PMID:Susceptibility of primary cultures of proximal tubular and distal tubular cells from rat kidney to chemically induced toxicity. 854 48

Antipyrine clearance was used to assess microsomal oxidative function in eight female Churra breed sheep at 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after infection by an oral administration of 150 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Experimental infection was ascertained by an ELISA test and by faecal analysis. A significant increase in plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) activity from 20 days post-infection and in gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity from 40 days post-infection was found. Both enzyme activities reached maximum levels in plasma of infected sheep at 80 days post-infection, progressively decreasing thereafter. A significant reduction in the total plasma clearance of antipyrine occurred from 60 to 100 days post-infection and a significant increase in mean residence time occurred by 80 days post-infection. The decrease of antipyrine metabolism coincided with the entrance of parasites in bile ducts and the highest liver damage caused by migrating juvenile flukes.
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PMID:Experimental ovine fasciolosis: antipyrine clearance as indicator of liver damage. 863 98


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