Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A fluorometric procedure to image release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from living retinal slices is described. Patterns of endogenous glutamate efflux were imaged with a cooled CCD camera in goldfish retinal slices as NADH fluorescence produced by a cycling glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Basal and potassium evoked glutamate effluxes were strongly localized to the outer and inner plexiform layers, supporting the model that photoreceptors and bipolar cells release glutamate as their prime fast neurotransmitter.
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PMID:Imaging of glutamate release from the goldfish retinal slice. 979 87

A growing body of evidence proposes that glial cells have the potential to play a role as modulators of neuronal activity and synaptic transmission by releasing the neurotransmitter glutamate (Arague et al., 1999). We explore the spatial nature of glutamate release from astrocytes with an enzyme-linked assay system and CCD imaging technology. In the presence of glutamate, L-glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) reduces NAD(+) to NADH, a product that fluoresces when excited with UV light. Theoretically, provided that GDH and NAD(+) are present in the bathing saline, the release of glutamate from stimulated astrocytes can be optically detected by monitoring the accumulation of NADH. Indeed, stimuli that induce a wave of elevated calcium among astrocytes produced a corresponding spread of extracellular NADH fluorescence. Treatment of cultures either with thapsigargin, to deplete internal calcium stores, or with the membrane-permeant calcium chelator BAPTA AM significantly decreased the accumulation of NADH, demonstrating that this fluorometric assay effectively monitors calcium-dependent glutamate release. With a temporal resolution of 500 msec and spatial resolution of approximately 20 micrometer, discrete regions of glutamate release were not reliably resolved. The wave of glutamate release that underlies the NADH fluorescence propagated at an average speed of approximately 26 micrometer/sec, correlating with the rate of calcium wave progression (10-30 micrometer/sec), and caused a localized accumulation of glutamate in the range of 1-100 microM. Further analysis of the fluorescence accumulation clearly demonstrated that glutamate is released in a regenerative manner, with subsequent cells that are involved in the calcium wave releasing additional glutamate.
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PMID:Imaging extracellular waves of glutamate during calcium signaling in cultured astrocytes. 1068 81