Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The goal of the study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical status of Pleurodeles waltli (urodele amphibian) by monitoring enzymatic activity in blood plasma and/or lood cell components. The following enzymes were chosen: glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (GOT and GPT), superoxide dismutase, catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. With the exception of GDH, GOT and GPT, enzymatic activity was noticeably higher in blood of females as compared to males. Reflecting destructive processes in organism, under normal conditions levels of GOT and GPT activity in plasma are very much equal in females and males. Differences in activities of the other enzymes were proportional to levels of steroid hormones in blood plasma of animals.
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PMID:[Activities of certain enzymes in blood of the Pleurodeles waltl newt]. 1191 54

We used a carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Saint Valery) cell suspension culture as a simplified model system to study the effects of the allelochemical compound coumarin (1,2 benzopyrone) on cell growth and utilisation of exogenous nitrate, ammonium and carbohydrates. Exposure to micromolar levels of coumarin caused severe inhibition of cell growth starting from the second day of culture onwards. At the same time, the presence of 50 mumol/L coumarin caused accumulation of free amino acids and of ammonium in the cultured cells, and stimulated their glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities. Malate dehydrogenase, on the other hand, was inhibited under the same conditions. These effects were interpreted in terms of the stimulation of protein catabolism and/or interference with protein biosynthesis induced by coumarin. This could have led to a series of compensatory changes in the activities of enzymes linking nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Because coumarin seemed to abolish the exponential phase and to accelerate the onset of the stationary phase of cell growth, we hypothesise that such allelochemical compounds may act in nature as an inhibitor of the cell cycle and/or as a senescence-promoting substance.
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PMID:Coumarin inhibits the growth of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Saint Valery) cells in suspension culture. 1274 79

Toxic doses of zinc and cadmium inhibit shoot growth but increase the capacity of several leaf enzymes in dwarf beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Both effects were studied as a function of the metal concentration applied to the plant. There was a linear relationship between the metal content of the primary leaf and the nutrient solution. When leaf metal content exceeded a toxic threshold value, shoot growth became inhibited and an increase in capacity of the following enzymes was measured in the leaf: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, glutamate-oxaloacetate transminase, peroxidase. The threshold values were similar for growth inhibition as well as for enzyme capacity induction. Both effects were strongly correlated to each other, especially under conditions of toxic zinc treatment. Measurement of enzyme capacity might therefore provide a useful criterion for the evaluation of the phytotoxicity of soils, contaminated by zinc and/or cadmium.
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PMID:Induction of enzyme capacity in plants as a result of heavy metal toxicity: dose-response relations in Phaseolus vulgaris L., treated with zinc and cadmium. 1509 10

Plasma metabolites and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations and enzyme activities of some types of peripheral leucocytes were measured to clarify one aspect of the differences in nutrient metabolism between dogs and cats. There were no significant differences in plasma concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, free fatty acids and IRI between dogs and cats. Higher total cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations were observed in feline plasma, and H/T ratio (HDL/total cholesterol concentrations) was significantly lower than that in canine plasma. The cytosolic activities of fructokinase (FK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher and the activities of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were significantly lower in feline leucocytes than those in canine leucocytes. Higher activities of FK, PK and G6PD, which regulate the rate of biosynthesis of fatty acids, may reflect the different characteristics in nutrient metabolism in feline tissues from canine tissues.
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PMID:Activities of enzymes in some types of peripheral leucocytes may reflect the differences in nutrient metabolism between dogs and cats. 1550 Aug 35

Glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations, some enzyme activities in plasma, and activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in peripheral leukocytes were measured in fattening Japanese Black Wagyu x Holstein steers fed on different diets at 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months of age. The plasma IRI concentrations at 20 and 24 months of age were significantly higher than those at 8 months of age. Activities of hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in cytosolic fractions, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), MDH and AST in mitochondrial fractions in peripheral leukocytes of steers at 24 months of age were significantly higher than those at 8 months. Increasing plasma insulin concentration was considered to induce acceleration of glucose utilization in leukocytes of fattening steers. The cytosolic ratio of MDH/lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in leukocytes increased significantly in the fattening process and was considered to be a useful indicator for evaluating changes in energy metabolism in steers.
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PMID:Changes in activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in peripheral leukocytes of fattening steers. 1572 88

Several model systems were employed to assess indirect effects that occur in the process of using radiation inactivation analysis to determine protein target sizes. In the absence of free radical scavengers, such as mannitol and benzoic acid, protein functional unit sizes can be drastically overestimated. In the case of glutamate dehydrogenase, inclusion of free radical scavengers reduced the apparent target size from that of a hexamer to that of a trimer based on enzyme activity determinations. For glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the apparent target size was reduced from a dimer to a monomer. The target sizes for both glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the presence of free radical scavengers corresponded to subunit sizes when determinations of protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or immunoblotting were done rather than enzyme activity. The free radical scavengers appear to compete with proteins for damage by secondary radiation products, since irradiation of these compounds can result in production of inhibitory species. Addition of benzoic acid/mannitol to samples undergoing irradiation was more effective in eliminating secondary damage than were 11 other potential free radical scavenging systems. Addition of a free radical scavenging system enables more accurate functional unit size determinations to be made using radiation inactivation analysis.
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PMID:Target size analysis by radiation inactivation: the use of free radical scavengers. 1598 20

Isozyme phenotypes were determined for 101 strains of Gibberella fujikuroi and 2 strains of Gibberella nygamai that represent seven biological species (mating populations) isolated from a variety of plant hosts in dispersed geographic locations. Fourteen enzymes were resolved in one or more of three buffer systems. Two of the enzymes, arylesterase and acid phosphatase, were polymorphic within two or more biological species and are suitable for intraspecific studies of population variation. Six enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, mannitol dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, were monomorphic in all of the isolates examined. The remaining six enzymes, fumarase, glucose phosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), malate dehydrogenase, and triose-phosphate isomerase, could potentially be used to distinguish the different biological species. Mating populations C and D are the most similar, since the mating population C isolates examined had the same isozyme phenotype as did a subset of the isolates in mating population D. Mating population E is the least similar to the other taxa examined. Unique isozyme phenotypes are present but are composed of banding patterns shared among the biological species. This finding supports the hypothesis that these biological species, with the possible exception of mating populations C and D, are reproductively isolated from one another and that no significant gene flow is occurring between them. Isozyme analysis is a useful method to distinguish these closely related biological species. Examination of isozyme phenotypes is more rapid than the present technique, which is based on sexual crosses; can be applied to strains that are not sexually fertile; and is more sensitive than traditional morphological characters, which cannot distinguish more than three or four morphological groups among the seven biological species. While emphasizing the discreteness of the mating populations as biological entities, our isozyme data also reaffirm the close genetic relationship among these groups.
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PMID:Isozyme Variation among Biological Species in the Gibberella fujikuroi Species Complex (Fusarium Section Liseola). 1653 23

The activity of 10 enzymes separated by acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of leaf and stem extracts from Dianthus grown under summer and winter conditions was studied. While banding was constant and highly reproducible under each environment, differences between the 3 cultivars and between the tissues were evident. No significant differences in the isozyme patterns of glutamate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and catalase were observed between the 2 environments. Loss of activity was observed under winter conditions with amylase and lactate dehydrogenase and loss of certain isozymic components was evident with acid phosphatase and esterase. Prominent changes were observed in peroxidase isozymes, the hardy cultivars developing additional isozymic components under winter conditions. Only minor changes in the total protein banding were seen. The enzymes showed considerable stability in those tissues killed by the freezing conditions.
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PMID:Plant Leaf and Stem Proteins. II. Isozymes and Environmental Cabbage. 1665 48

Total pyridine nucleotide concentration of root tissue for young soybean (Glycine max var. Bansei) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. Mammoth Russian) plants is the same with either ammonium or nitrate, but nitrate results in an increased proportion of total oxidized plus reduced NADP (NADP[H]) seemingly at the expense of NAD. The activity of NADH- and NADPH-dependent forms of glutamic acid dehydrogenase is correlated with the ratio of total oxidized plus reduced NAD to NADP(H). The low NAD: NADH ratio maintained in nitrate roots despite active NADH utilization via nitrate reductase and glutamic acid dehydrogenase may be the result of nitrate-stimulated glycolysis. Nitrate roots also maintain a high level of NADPH, presumably by the stimulatory effect of nitrate utilization on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. In the presence of nitrate rather than ammonium, the highly active nitrate-reducing leaves of soybean show a greater proportion of total pyridine nucleotide in the form of NADP(H) than do the inactive leaves of sunflower.For all tissues examined, ammonium nutrition yields a higher concentration of total adenine nucleotide than is found with nitrate. The data indicate the production of a higher level of metabolites that enter into purine synthesis with ammonium than with nitrate. Glutamine synthetase activity can be correlated with the concept that enzymes utilizing ATP for biosynthetic purposes increase in activity in accordance with the energy level of the cell.
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PMID:Influence of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on the pyridine and adenine nucleotides of soybean and sunflower. 1665 13

Chloroplasts isolated from the siphonous green alga Caulerpa simpliciuscula (Turner) C.Ag. were shown to be resistant to dissolution by the nonionic detergent Teric-10 at concentrations as high as 0.3% (v/v) when treated at 0 C. There was little release of stromal enzymes under these conditions. These chloroplasts were disrupted by osmotic shock as shown by measurement of the release of both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase into the suspending medium. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, an accepted marker for chloroplast stromal protein in higher plants, was largely retained in the disrupted chloroplast following the osmotic shock. This is considered to be due to the location of a significant proportion of enzyme within the pyrenoid, which protects it from dissolution and causes it to behave as though it were an insoluble protein.
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PMID:Properties of chloroplasts isolated from siphonous algae: effects of osmotic shock and detergent treatment on intactness. 1666 Mar 81


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