Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biotin deficiency resulted in an increased growth rate of Aspergillus nidulans. The activities of hexokinase and aldolase were not much changed during the growth cycle, but activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase increased significantly during the exponential phase. This change was remarkable during biotin deficiency. In contrast to the higher growth rate and respiration rate during biotin deficiency the activities of NAD(P)H oxidoreductases were low. An inverse relationship between the activity of tyrosinase and melanin content was observed. A role of the DOPA-DOPA-quinone system in maintaining culture growth is suggested.
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PMID:Growth, glucose metabolism and melanin formation in biotin-deficient Aspergillus nidulans. 40 7

The effect of toluene on Escherichia coli has been examined. In the presence of Mg2+, toluene removes very little protein, phospholipid, or lipopolysacharide from E. coli. In the absence of Mg2+, or in the presence of EDTA, toluene removes considerably more cell material, including several specific cytoplasmic proteins such as malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). In contrast, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) are not released at all under the same conditions. Cells treated with toluene in the presence of Mg2+ remain relatively impermeable to pyridne nucleotides, while cells treated with toluene in the presence of EDTA become permeable to these compounds. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows that toluene causes considerable damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, while the outer membrane remains relatively intact. These results indicate that the permeability characteristics of toluene-treated cells depend at least partly on the state of the outer membrane after the toluene treatment.
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PMID:The effect of toluene on the structure and permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli. 41 78

NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in gastric adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated cancer cells were studied comparatively. The activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be high in gastric adenocarcinoma, while there was noted a more high activity of succinate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase in undifferentiated cancer. Differences ni the activity of oxido-reductive enzymes in adrenocarcinoma and undifferentiated cancer are discussed from the standpoint of various histogenesis of these forms of gastric cancer.
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PMID:[Oxidoreductase activity in the cells of stomach cancer]. 48 98

In a detailed study focused on the methodological problems in dehydrogenase histochemistry [e.g., fixation, diffusion of enzymes and of reduced inermediates, conversion of NADPH and NADP to NADH and NAD, respectively, penetration of tetrazolium salt and formazan substantivity, 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction, use of exogenous CoQ10 and of flavoprotein substitute (PMS)], the distribution and activity of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H-tetrazolium reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (H and M types), and of L-glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.2 and E.C.1.4.1.3) have been investigated in the rat cerebellum. It was evident from the study that reliable results could only be obtained if all the aforementioned factors had been considered. The image of actual concentration of SDH in the neuropil of the molecular layer could only be recorded by adding CoQ10, while other structures exhibited greater balance between SDH and endogenous mitochondrial CoQ. Contrary to previous studies, a reversed localization of the activity of G-6-PDH and LDH was noticed. The elements of molecular and Purkinje layers were rich in G-6-PDH, while the granular layer was nearly depleted. The actual level of LDH could only be recorded if NADH-tetrazolium reductase was bypassed with PMS. The H and M types of LDH coexisted in the three cortical layers, the H type being prevalent and the M type attaining its highest level in synaptic glomeruli followed by the structures of the molecular layer and the Purkinje cells. High activity of GDH was noticed in Bergmann glia followed by synaptic glomeruli, while most other structures showed weak to moderate activity. The two GDH types coexisted in all structures showing activity, except for Bergmann cells, which only showed presence of the E.C. 1.4.1.3 type. Furthermore, Bergmann glia was exceptional by showing no activity of SDH and LDH, but strong activity of G-6-PDH and NADPH-tetrazolium reductase. The granular cells were exceptional by showing weak or no activity of all enzymes in question.
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PMID:Methodological aspects of the histochemical localization and activity of some cerebellar dehydrogenases. 66 87

The activities of twelve enzymes were measured in crude extracts from cells of Escherichia coli K-10 grown aerobically or anaerobically in a defined medium in the presence or absence of nitrate. The activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase, aconitate hydratase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and D-lactate dehydrogenase (NAD+-independent) were found to be higher in cells grown in nitrate respiration than in those in fermentation, but lower than in those in respiration. This finding may explain the incomplete oxidation in nitrate respiration and, on the other hand, suggests the operation of the tricarboxylic acid even under these conditions. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase in relation to the formation of fermentation product were as high in cells grown in fermentation as in those in respiration and were low in those in nitrate respiration. However, that ratio of the activities in the latter case to the activities in respiration was the same as the ratio for most enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The level of lactate dehydrogenase (NAD+-dependent) was not affected by nitrate respiration but its activity in the extract was inhibited by nitrate and nitrite. The absence of lactate in the anaerobic culture with nitrate may be due to this inhibition as well as NADH oxidation by nitrate. Levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase were not altered by the growth conditions and that of pyruvate dehydrogenase was low only in cells grown in fermentation.
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PMID:Effect of nitrate reduction on the enzyme levels in carbon metabolism in Escherichia coli. 77 52

Thermophilic bacilli, contrary to mesophilic, grow equally well under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This may be due to the presence of more active anaerobic dehydrogenases in thermophilic organisms. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, and the content of ATP, increased in the cells of thermophilic Bac. stearothermophilus 159 and mesophilic Bac. megaterium M strains growing at temperatures close to maximal. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase under these conditions was inhibited.
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PMID:[The physiology of thermophilic and mesophilic bacilli during development at optimal and submaximal temperatures]. 81 61

The effect of addition of different carbohydrates (starch, glucose, fructose) to the feed was investigated using the experimental animal. Additionally, the admixture of cholesterol and of cholesterol plus cholic acid was tested. Fructose (70% of the feed) causes a slight increase in serum triglyceride concentration and a very slight increase in triglyceride concentration in the liver. Fructose and to a lesser degree glucose cause an increase in pyruvate kinase activity in the liver. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is increased slightly following high-dosed glucose, whereas the increase is very pronounced following fuctose-rich feed. The admixture of cholesterol (with cholic acid) causes a decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity up to 70%. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is decreased also following cholesterol admixture. A fructose-rich diet causes a slight degree of hyperlipemia with a metabolic situation similar to a latent diabetic state. This effect is greatly intensified by the addition of cholesterol and cholic acid to the diet of the rats. Especially striking was the increase in serum-free-fatty-acid concentrations in all groups of animals. This is speculated to be a sign of insulin deficiency. The so-called "carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia" is obviously intensified within a short period by the admixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid to the experimental diet.
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PMID:[Effect of various dietary carbohydrates on supplementary cholesterol]. 89 66

Enzyme-histochemical methods were used to study the metabolic activity of specialized ependyma of the ventrolateral walls and floor of the third ventricle in young male and female rats during the "critical period" of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus (one week after birth). Histochemical tests were conducted for glutamic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and NADH2-dehydrogenase. Enzyme activity was judged by cytospectrophotometry. All the data were treated statistically. It was found that the specialized ependyma of the ventrolateral wall and floor of the third ventricle (median eminence) in rats differed in their enzyme behaviour in males and females during the "critical period" of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus. At the level of the arcuate nucleus (alpha2-tanycytes) and the medial part of the median eminence (beta2-tanycytes) the ependyma was characterized by similar indices of metabolic activity in males and females in the decisive terms of the "critical period" (days 3, 5, and 7). On day 5 metabolic activity of these cells was reduced both in the males and in the females. Prominent sexual differences in the intensity of the enzyme reactions studied were noted in the ependyma of the lateral parts of the median eminence (beta1-tanycytes) in the "critical period". On day 5 metabolic activity of beta1-tanycytes was reduced in males and increased in females. It is suggested that these differences are caused by the receptor nature of beta1 tanycytes and suggest their implication in the mechanisms of sexual differentiation of hypothalamus.
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PMID:Morphological aspects of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. VI. The tanycytes: their relation to the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus. An enzyme-histochemical study. 99 Dec 50

The adsorption of 8 enzymes to polyaminomethylstyrene was studied. While lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibit a relatively low affinity to the carrier, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and urease were found to form stabile complexes with the polymer that are enzymatically active. Adsorbed urease and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, are still active after several weeks; the other preparations lose their activity soon. It can be shown by the example of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase that the activity loss following adsorption is caused possibly by a process of reorientation of already bound enzyme molecules or by the increasing enzyme coverage of the carrier, with the active centres becoming more and more inaccessible for the substrate. During the substrate conversion catalysed by the alcohol dehydrogenase-polyaminomethylstyrene complex, a small amount of the enzyme is again detached from the carrier. The activity rises to a certain extent in the supernatant but drops to zero again. The stability of the adsorbed urease is distinctly increased compared with the dissolved enzyme. For the pH optimum and the KM value there are no differences between the two preparations. Continuous application of polyaminomethylstyrene-bound beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and urease, respectively, in a column shows that both preparations have unchanged enzymatic activities even after running times of 5 and 24 days, respectively.
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PMID:[Kinetic properties of enzymes in particular of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase following their adsorption on polyaminomethylstyrene]. 102 29

Glomeruli from adult normal male Wistar rats were obtained by teasing a cortex slice with stainless steel needles. The enzyme content and the morphologic aspect of these glomeruli were assessed as a preliminary step to further metabolic studies. Robinson's medium appeared to be the most suitable medium. There was no loss of glutamic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or acid phosphatase. Lactate dehydrogenase was lost to about 50%. Electron microscopy showed morphologic signs of damage in the podocytes. The glomerular oxygen uptake was measured with the help of the Cartesian diver technique, using approximately 20 glomeruli per assay. The endogenous respiratory rate was linear for at least three hours. The endogenous respiratory rate was linear for at least three hours. The mean dry wt of lyophilized glomeruli was determined for 13 rats for which the glomerular oxygen uptake had been measured, and these data showed a glomerular Q-02 of 4 mul/hr/mg of dry wt. The following substances were tested for their influence on the oxygen uptake: acetate, alpha-oxoglutarate, citrate, oxalacetate, glutamate, alanine, all 10 mM; succinate, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM; glucose, 5, 10 and 20 mM; fructose 10 and 20 mM; and palmitate. Citrate increases the O-2 uptake/hr/glomerulus by 30%; glucose, 20 mM, by 30%; and succinate, 2.5 mM by 50% and 10 mM by 190%. In a Robinson's medium containing 35 mg of albumin/ml, the endogenous respiration is not different from that obtained in the inorganic medium but the oxygen uptake is increased 26% by glucose, 10 mM. From these data, it can be concluded that the oxygen uptake of the glomerulus is small. This fact explains its resistance to anoxia. The systematic investigation of possible substrates indicate that glucose, citrate and succinate may play a role in supporting this small oxidative metabolism.
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PMID:Oxidative metabolism of the normal rat glomerulus. 111 53


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