Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ppd1 mutant of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was isolated as a suppressor of the cyr2 mutation which caused alteration of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Three peaks of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity (peak I, II and III) were identified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography of crude extracts of the wild-type strain. The ppd1 mutant was deficient in peak III phosphoprotein phosphatase activity. The peak III enzyme efficiently utilized the phosphorylated forms of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase and trehalase as substrate. The ppd1 mutation did not suppress the cyr1, CYR3 or ras1 ras2 mutations. The ppd1 locus was located on chromosome II and had identical characteristics with glc1. The ppd1 mutation suppressed the G1 arrest caused by nutritional limitation, but maintained sensitivity to mating pheromone. In diploids homozygous for the ppd1 mutation, no premeiotic DNA replication and commitment to intragenic recombination occurred and no spores were formed, suggesting that the accumulation of phosphorylated proteins in the absence of one of the phosphoprotein phosphatases is required for mitosis but not for the initiation of meiosis.
 ...
PMID:Isolation and characterization of a phosphoprotein phosphatase-deficient mutant in yeast. 285 99

The 2-position substituent on substrates or substrate analogues for glutamate dehydrogenase is shown to be intimately involved in the induction of conformational changes between subunits in the hexamer by coenzyme. These conformational changes are associated with the negative co-operativity exhibited by this enzyme. 2-Oxoglutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate induce indications of co-operativity similar to those induced by the substrate of oxidative deamination, glutamate, in kinetic studies. Glutarate (2-position CH2) does not. A comparison of the effects of L-2-hydroxyglutarate and D-2-hydroxyglutarate or D-glutamate indicates that the 2-position substituent must be in the L-configuration for these conformational changes to be triggered. In addition, glutarate and L-glutamate in ternary enzyme-NAD(P)H-substrate complexes induce very different coenzyme fluorescence properties, showing that glutamate induces a different conformation of the enzyme-coenzyme complex from that induced by glutarate. Although glutamate and glutarate both tighten the binding of reduced coenzyme to the active site, the effect is much greater with glutamate, and the binding is described by two dissociation constants when glutamate is present. The data suggest that the two carboxy groups on the substrate are required to allow synergistic binding of coenzyme and substrate to the active site, but that interactions between the 2-position on the substrate and the enzyme trigger the conformational changes that result in subunit-subunit interactions and in the catalytic co-operativity exhibited by this enzyme.
 ...
PMID:Negative co-operativity in glutamate dehydrogenase. Involvement of the 2-position in glutamate in the induction of conformational changes. 285 97

Two classes of ornithine-nonutilizing (oru) mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO were investigated. Strains carrying the oru-310 mutation were entirely unable to grow on L-ornithine as the only carbon and nitrogen source and were affected in the assimilation of a variety of nitrogen sources (e.g., amino acids, nitrate). The oru-310 mutation caused changes in the regulation of the catabolic NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase; this enzyme was no longer inducible by glutamate but instead could be induced by ammonia. The oru-310 locus was cotransducible with car-9 and tolA in the 10 min region of the chromosome. An oru-314 mutant was severely handicapped in ornithine medium but could grow when a good carbon source was added; the mutant also showed pleiotropic growth effects related to nitrogen metabolism. The oru-314 mutation affected the regulation of the anabolic NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, which was no longer repressed by glutamate but showed normal derepression in the presence of ammonia. The oru-314 locus was mapped by transduction near met-9011 at 55 min. Both oru mutants could grow on L-glutamate, L-proline, or L-ornithine amended with 2-oxoglutarate, albeit slowly. We speculate that insufficient 2-oxoglutarate concentrations might account, at least in part, for the Oru- phenotype of the mutants.
 ...
PMID:Altered control of glutamate dehydrogenases in ornithine utilization mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 285 44

Ethanol or acetaldehyde orally administered (15% and 2% respectively in drinking water) to male Wistar rats for three months induced alterations in the main liver enzymes responsible for ethanol metabolism, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and NAD glutamate dehydrogenase. Ethanol produced a significant decrease in the activity of soluble alcohol dehydrogenase, while acetaldehyde induced alterations both in soluble and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases: soluble activity was significantly higher than in the control and ethanol-treated groups, and mitochondrial activity was significantly diminished. Both soluble aspartate and alanine aminotransferases showed pronounced increases by the chronic effect of acetaldehyde, while mitochondrial activities were practically unchanged by the effect of ethanol or acetaldehyde. Mitochondrial NAD glutamate dehydrogenase showed a rise in its activity both by the effect of chronic ethanol and acetaldehyde consumption. The level of metabolites assayed in liver extracts showed marked differences between ethanol and acetaldehyde treatment which indicates that ethanol produced a remarkable increase in glutamate, aspartate and free ammonia together with marked decrease in pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate concentrations. Acetaldehyde consumption induced a significant decrease in 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate concentrations. These observations suggest that ethanol has an important effect on the urea cycle enzymes, while the effect of acetaldehyde contributes to the impairment of the citric acid cycle.
 ...
PMID:Effect of chronic ethanol or acetaldehyde on hepatic alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, aminotransferases and glutamate dehydrogenase. 286 Jul 5

The relationship between nitrogen assimilation, metabolism and aflatoxin formation has been investigated in a toxigenic and a non-toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. Ammonia from the medium is mainly assimilated via NADP-requiring glutamate dehydrogenase. During growth NAD-requiring glutamate dehydrogenase followed an inverse pattern of activity with respect to NADP glutamate dehydrogenase. Alpha-ketoglutarate, the product of NAD glutamate dehydrogenase, stimulated acetate incorporation into aflatoxins. Glutamine synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, both utilizing glutamate as substrate were assayed under different growth conditions. An important regulatory role for glutamine synthetase is suggested. The metabolic route of asparagine utilization was also investigated. Both the known pathways, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase are operative simultaneously.
 ...
PMID:Nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240 and A. flavus NRRL 3537 in relation to aflatoxin production. 287 96

Previous studies of pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase have been conducted using a spectrophotometric method to monitor substrate-dependent NAD(P)H production. For the assay of the mammalian enzyme, the spectrophotometric assay was found to be unacceptable for kinetic studies as the production of NAD(P)H was nonlinear with time and protein concentration. An assay which measures radiolabeled glutamate production by this enzyme in the presence of NAD+ from radiolabeled pyrroline-5-carboxylate has been developed. Separation of substrate from product is achieved by column chromatography using Dowex 50 cation-exchange resin. The product isolated by this procedure was identified as glutamate. This new assay is linear with time and protein concentration and gives reproducible results. The assay is not influenced by competing enzyme activities, such as glutamate dehydrogenase, in a liver homogenate so that quantitative conversion of pyrroline-5-carboxylate to glutamate is observed.
 ...
PMID:A specific radiochemical assay for pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. 288 12

Mutations in the GLN3 gene prevented a normal increase in the NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase levels in glutamate-grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, whereas mutations in the URE2 gene resulted in high levels of these enzymes in glumate- and glutamine-grown cells. A ure2 gln3 double mutant had low levels of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in cells grown on glutamate and glutamine; thus, gln3 mutations were epistatic to the ure2 mutations. The results suggest that the GLN3 product is capable of promoting increases in enzyme levels in the absence of a functional URE2 product and that the URE2 product antagonizes the GLN3 product. The URE2 and GLN3 genes were also found to regulate the level of arginase activity. This regulation is completely independent of the regulation of arginase by substrate induction. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and arginase were higher in cells grown on glutamate as the nitrogen source than they were in cells grown under a nitrogen-limiting condition. It had previously been shown that the levels of these enzymes can be increased by glutamine deprivation. We propose that the URE2-GLN3 system regulates enzyme synthesis, in response to glutamine and glutamate, to adjust the intracellular concentration of ammonia so as to maintain glutamine at the level required for optimal growth.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of nitrogen assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: roles of the URE2 and GLN3 genes. 289 26

Transfer of Neurospora crassa mycelium from a 1% (w/v) sucrose medium to carbon-free or 1% (w/v) glutamate medium results in the onset of derepression of the catabolic NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-GDH), within 30 min of the shift. Immunoprecipitation of in vivo pulse-labelled NAD-GDH demonstrated that this enzyme was synthesized de novo, correlating with increasing enzyme activity in shifted cells. Derepression was shown to be under transcriptional control by using the RNA synthesis inhibitor, picolinic acid, and by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro translation products of poly(A)-containing mRNA from repressed and derepressed cells. A brief (5 min) shift to derepression medium followed by a return to 1% (w/v) sucrose medium was sufficient to trigger synthesis of abundant NAD-GDH transcripts and low levels of the active enzyme. A secondary level of translational control is proposed to account for the discrepancy between the detectable levels of NAD-GDH transcripts and protein, following transient derepression.
 ...
PMID:A study of derepression of NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. 294 90

A glycine-resistant Neurospora crassa mutant (am-132;glyr), derived from the am-132 mutant, was isolated and characterized. [am-132 itself has a deletion in the structural gene for NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).] This new mutation also conferred resistance to serine and methionine sulphoximine (MS), which are inhibitors of glutamine synthetase (GS). In addition, the mutant obtained grew better on ammonium than the am-132 parental strain. Resistance to glycine was not due to increased synthesis of glutamine by an altered or induced GS, nor to increased glutamate synthesis by induction of the catabolic NAD-dependent GDH, nor to NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (GOGAT), which was as sensitive to inhibitors as the GOGAT from the parental strain. The glycine-resistance mutation lowered but did not abolish the carbon flow; this resulted in a lower content of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. GOGAT activity was inhibited in vitro by several organic acids and methionine sulphone (MSF). The higher growth rate of the glycine-resistant mutant on ammonium or on ammonium plus glycine, serine or MS was explained by an increased capacity of GOGAT to synthesize glutamate in vivo due to a lower content of inhibitory tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates; the higher glutamate content overcomes the effect of the GS inhibitors and explains the MSF resistance of the mutant.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of carbon and nitrogen flow by glutamate synthase in Neurospora crassa. 295 49

A major difference between the metabolism of Leishmania species amastigotes and cultured promastigotes was found in the area of CO2 fixation and phosphoenolpyruvate metabolism. Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.49) were at much higher activities in amastigotes than promastigotes of both L. m. mexicana and L. donovani, whereas the reverse was true of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40). Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) and malic enzyme (carboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.40) could not be detected in L. m. mexicana amastigotes. Promastigotes of L. m. mexicana had a high NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity in comparison to amastigotes, whereas NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity was detected only in amastigotes. Leishmania m. mexicana culture promastigotes were killed in vitro by the trivalent antimonial Triostam (LD50, 20 micrograms/ml) and the trivalent arsenical melarsen oxide (LD50, 20 micrograms/ml), but they were unaffected by Pentostam. Neither antimonial drug significantly inhibited leishmanial hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), pyruvate kinase, malate dehydrogenase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, whereas melarsen oxide was a potent inhibitor of all the enzymes tested except phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
 ...
PMID:Leishmania mexicana: enzyme activities of amastigotes and promastigotes and their inhibition by antimonials and arsenicals. 298 38


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10