Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. A polarographic assay of superoxide (O2--) dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity is described, in which the ability of the enzyme to inhibit O2---dependent sulphite oxidation, initiated by xanthine oxidase activity, is measured. The assay was used in a study of the intracellular distribution of superoxide dismutase in rat liver. Both cyanide-sensitive cupro-zinc dismutase (92% of the total activity) and cyanide-insensitive mangano-dismutase (8%) were measured. 2. Rat liver homogenates contained both particulate (16%y and soluble (84%) dismutase activity. The particulate activity contained both types of dismutase, whereas nearly all the soluble dismutase was a cupro-zinc enzymes. The distribution pattern of mangano-dismutase was similar to that of cytochrome oxidase and glutamate dehydrogenase, indicating that the enzyme was probably present exclusively in the mitochondria. 3. Superoxide dismutase activity in the heavy-mitochondrial (M) fraction was latent and was activated severalfold and largely solubilized by sonication. Treatment of the M fraction with digitonin or a hypo-osmotic suspending medium indicated that most of the cupro-zinc dismutase was located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, whereas the mangano-enzyme was located in the inner-membrane and matrix space. 4. A small amount of dismutase activity appeared to be present in the nuclei and microsomal fraction, but little or no activity in the lysosomes or peroxisomes. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the intracellular location of known O2---generating enzymes, the possible role of superoxide dismutase activity in intracellular H2O2 formation, and to current views on the physiological function of the enzyme.
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PMID:Polarographic assay and intracellular distribution of superoxide dismutase in rat liver. 81 Jan 38

The described bacterium was isolated by enrichment culture in peptone broth inoculated with garden soil, pasteurized and then put to incubate under N2O at 32 degrees. It is a Gram-negative rod, motile with peritrichous flagella, and producing oval spores without exosporium in swollen sporangia. However, cells have the thick walls, mesosomes and persistant septa characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. It lacks fermentative activity, does not attack carbohydrates, has complex growth requirements, and will grow anaerobically only if one of the following electron acceptors is present: NO3, NO2, N2O, S4O6, and fumarate. Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are denitrified with production of N2. The microorganism is mesophilic, gives a positive oxidase reaction, synthesizes a type of c cytochrome, and does not hydrolyse gelatin, starch nor "Tween 80". The following enzymes are present: nitrate reductase A, respiratory nitrite reductase, tetrathionate and fumarate reductases, L-glutamate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase. The following enzymes are absent: thiosulfate reductase, urease, lecithinase, arginine dihydrolase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine desaminase, and catalase. The GC% of its DNA is 39. The bacterium described can be considered to be a new species. We propose the name Bacillus azotoformans n. sp.
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PMID:[A new, sporulating, denitrifying, mesophilic bacterium: Bacillus azotoformans N. SP. (author's transl)]. 102 Aug 72

In order to gain insight into the metabolic modifications induced in rat brain tissues by helium-neon (He-Ne) laser irradiation, in the research described here, we investigated the variations in the activity of the enzymes aspartate transferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.4), both cytosolic and mitochondrial, glutamate dehydrogenase (GIDH, EC 1.4.1.3), and total superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), in the brain of rats treated with a very small dose (1.08 J) of He-Ne laser radiation. The rats were sacrificed 4 h after the treatment. The enzymes were evaluated spectrophotometrically in brain extracts of irradiated animals and also in untreated rats (controls) and rats that underwent simulated treatment (stressed). The data obtained from 5-10 animals assayed individually showed that, in the in toto brain tissues of the irradiated rats compared to the stressed rats, there was a marked increase of total SOD, together with an appreciable decrease of cytosolic AST, and insignificant variations in mitochondrial AST and GIDH. Stress alone caused a considerable decrease of total SOD and small but statistically significant increases of s-AST, m-AST, and GIDH.
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PMID:Rat brain metabolism enzyme activity variations following He-Ne laser irradiation. 177 92

This study was undertaken in order to assess the role of purely circulation-related effects upon free-radical-mediated reperfusion injury in the liver by comparing the respective effects of the oxygen free-radical scavenger superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the vasodilative action of papaverine in an ischemia/reperfusion model of the liver. Livers from male Wistar rats were rinsed blood free via the portal vein and stored ischemically (60 min at 37 degrees C in Krebs-Henseleit solution and 60 min at 4 degrees C in Euro-Collins solution). Reperfusion was carried out at a constant flow of 30 ml/min for 45 min at 37 degrees C in a nonrecirculating manner. Warm ischemic damage was evident in untreated livers compared to control livers, submitted solely to cold ischemia for 2 h at 4 degrees C, by increased vascular resistance upon reperfusion, enhanced enzyme leakage from the parenchyma (glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase) and from the endothelium (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase), reduced tissue content of ATP and enhanced lipid peroxidation. Preischemic treatment with SOD or papaverine (the latter also given during reperfusion) significantly reduced hepatic vascular resistance and parenchymal enzyme loss in a comparable manner. Both drugs resulted in a significant increase of hepatic tissue content of ATP at the end of reperfusion. SOD, but not papaverine, prevented the leakage of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase and significantly reduced the tissue levels of lipid peroxides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Role of the hepatovasculature in free radical mediated reperfusion damage of the liver. 840 87

Sixty-one isolates and collection strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were compared for their phenotypic (morphological features and isoenzyme profiles) and genotypic (restriction enzyme-generated mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns) features. The examined strains exhibited highly variable colony morphologies and growth rates at different temperatures, but their micromorphologies and conidial diameters were characteristic of the species. Of the isoenzymes studied, the beta-arylesterase and phosphatase patterns were the most divergent, and the 61 strains could be classified into seven groups. The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase isoenzyme patterns displayed only a limited variability, while the profiles of superoxide dismutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were highly conserved. The HaeIII-generated mitochondrial DNA patterns and SmaI-digested repetitive DNA and ribosomal DNA hybridization patterns of almost all strains were also invariable. The level of variation was much higher when random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was applied. Although the patterns of the strains were very similar with most of the primers, the application of some primers made it possible to cluster the A. fumigatus isolates into several groups. The results indicate that the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique could be used more efficiently than isoenzyme analysis for typing A. fumigatus isolates. A good correlation was found between the dendrograms obtained from the isoenzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA data, but the isoenzyme and amplified DNA patterns did not correlate with the pathogenicity, pigment production, or geographical origin of the strains. One "A. fumigatus" strain (strain FRR 1266) exhibited unique isoenzyme, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA, and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns; it is proposed that this strain represents a new species of the section Fumigati.
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PMID:Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of variability in Aspergillus fumigatus. 856 84

The specific activities of D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) are reduced in the liver and kidney of rats intoxicated with 2.5 mg Cd/kg body wt and sacrificed after 24 h; conversely ketone-body concentration is strongly increased in both of these organs and blood. In the same animals a great stimulation of antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase occurs. The prooxidant state induced by cadmium in liver mitochondria and microsomes is unaffected by superoxide dismutase, catalase, or mannitol, whereas it is completely blocked by vitamin E thus excluding the involvement of reactive oxygen species in this process. The mechanism by which cadmium induces lipid peroxidation has been investigated by measuring the effect of this metal on liposomes. Ninety-minute treatment of liposomes with CdCl2 does not induce any lipid peroxidation. In contrast, Fe2+ ions under the same conditions cause strong liposome peroxidation. It has also been observed that cadmium promotes a time-dependent iron release from biological membranes. When lipid peroxidation is induced by a low concentration (5 microM) of FeCl2, in place of CdCl2, the characteristics of this process and the sensitivity to the various antioxidants used are similar to those observed with Cd. From these results we conclude that the prooxidative effect of cadmium is an indirect one since it is mediated by iron. With regard to the inhibitory effect on BDH and GDH following cadmium intoxication, it does not appear to be imputable to lipid peroxidation since in vitro investigations indicate that the presence of vitamin E does not remove the inhibition at all.
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PMID:Enzyme activity alteration by cadmium administration to rats: the possibility of iron involvement in lipid peroxidation. 934 63

The role of endogenous and internalized catalase in the protection of Plasmodium against oxidant stress was studied. Catalase activities were measured in isolated Plasmodium falciparum at different stages of intererythrocytic development. Activities measured at late schizont stages were compared to parasite markers (glutamate dehydrogenase, SOD) and to red blood cell markers (haemoglobin, Cu/Zn-SOD). The fate of the host cell catalase in the parasite digestive system was studied by immunoelectron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies. The internalized catalase appeared to be dissociated in the digestive system of the parasite and inactivated. To examine the protective role of the endogenous and internalized catalase in the parasite protection against oxidant stress, parasites were cultivated at two oxygen concentrations (5% and 20%) in inhibited catalase red blood cells. These experiments suggested that the catalases present both in red blood cell and parasite are not essential when parasites are cultivated under 5% oxygen, but are necessary to protect the parasite under 20% oxygen. Catalase may not be the main protective enzyme involved in the protection of P. falciparum in standard in vitro culture conditions, but may become critical under the higher oxygen tensions conditions encountered in vivo.
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PMID:Status of Plasmodium falciparum towards catalase. 979 89

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in biochemical mechanisms facilitating cellular damages in the lithium plus pilocarpine treatment and the resulting status epilepticus. The whole brain free fatty acid (FFA) level as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamoyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and pons-medulla region of Hannover-Wistar rats were determined. The control group was intact with no previous experimental history. LiCl (125 mg/kg i.p.) was injected 20 h prior to pilocarpine (30 mg/kg i.p.) and the treated rats were sacrificed 1 or 2 1/2 h after pilocarpine administration. The results show that lithium plus pilocarpine administration and the resulting status epilepticus produced the significant increase of the brain FFA content. Decreased GPX activities were detected in the frontal cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of the treated rats without the accompanying decrease of SOD activity. Increased AST and LDH activities were observed in the frontal cortex, increased soluble ALP activities in the frontal cortex and pons-medulla region whereas the increased activity of membrane bound ALP was detected in the hippocampus of the rats with status epilepticus. Activities of the other analysed enzymes did not change in the examined brain regions. The presented data indicate clear regional differences of biochemical changes caused by lithium plus pilocarpine treatment and the resulting status epilepticus, frontal cortex being the most affected site.
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PMID:Lithium plus pilocarpine induced status epilepticus--biochemical changes. 1071 13

A 44-year-old patient died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) after nine years of heavy exposure to cadmium (Cd) in a nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery factory. Two years after starting work he and co-workers had experienced pruritus, loss of smell, nasal congestion, nosebleeds, cough, shortness of breath, severe headaches, bone pain, and proteinuria. Upper back pain and muscle weakness progressed to flaccid paralysis. EMG findings were consistent with motor neuron disease. Cd impairs the blood-brain barrier, reduces levels of brain copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) superoxide dismutase (SOD), and enhances excitoxicity of glutamate via up-regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and down-regulation of glutamate uptake in glial cells. High levels of methallothionein, a sign of exposure to heavy metals, have been found in brain tissue of deceased ALS patients. The effects of Cd on enzyme systems that mediate neurotoxicity and motor neuron disease suggest a cause effect relationship between Cd and ALS in this worker.
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PMID:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a battery-factory worker exposed to cadmium. 1137 40

Few data are available on enzyme activity in amphibian plasma or erythrocytes. We measured the activity of several blood enzymes in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl reared under standard laboratory conditions. In subsequent experiments, we will estimate and compare the physiological and biochemical conditions of P. waltl when reared under extreme temperature or microgravity conditions. The enzymes selected were glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In fresh plasma samples, enzyme activity in females was higher than in males, except for aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, which were equivalent in females and males. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was higher in males than in females. In female erythrocytes, the activity of all enzymes was higher than in male erythrocytes. We have also studied the storage conditions of samples and observed that for most enzymes, the activity in freshly isolated plasma and erythrocyte preparations decreased after storage at -18 or +4 degrees C.
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PMID:Sex-linked differences in activity of enzymes in the blood of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl. 1169 17


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