Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies on the effect of various Cd2+ concentrations on substrate oxidation by whole cells of cadmium-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 17810S showed that oxidation of glutamate or pyruvate was highly sensitive to low Cd2+ concentrations (5 microM), whereas L-lactate oxidation was insensitive even to high Cd2+ concentrations (100 microM). Location of the cadmium-sensitive targets in the enzyme systems involved in oxidation of these substrates was studied in subcellular fractions prepared from cells pretreated with 5 or 100 microM Cd2+. Activities of the cytoplasmic 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (ODHC)') and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) were strongly inhibited with 5 microM Cd2+, while with 100 microM Cd2+ the inhibition was almost complete. In contrast, activities of the cytoplasmic NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-GDH), the membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) and HQNO-sensitive NADH oxidase were not sensitive to 100 microM Cd2+. These data indicate that the accessible, cadmium-sensitive targets are located only in the cytoplasmic ODHC and PDHC. It is postulated that two vicinal dithiols present in ODHC and PDHC may be regarded as the primary cadmium-sensitive targets in the systems oxidizing glutamate or pyruvate. Since activities of the membrane-bound NAD-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase (iLDH) and HQNO-sensitive L-lactate oxidase were not affected by 100 microM Cd2+, this indicates that the L-lactate oxidizing system lacks the accessible, cadmium-sensitive targets. The mechanism of Cd2+ toxicity to energy conservation with glutamate, pyruvate or L-lactate in S. aureus is discussed.
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PMID:Cadmium-sensitive targets in the aerobic respiratory metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus. 895 92

The kinetic locking-on strategy utilizes soluble analogues of the target enzymes' specific substrate to promote selective adsorption of individual NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenases on their complementary immobilized cofactor derivative. Application of this strategy to the purification of NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenases from crude extracts has proven that it can yield bioaffinity systems capable of producing one-chromatographic-step purifications with yields approaching 100%. However, in some cases the purified enzyme preparation was found to be contaminated with other proteins weakly bound to the immobilized cofactor derivative through binary complex formation and/or nonspecific interactions, which continuously "dribbled" off the matrix during the chromatographic procedure. The fact that this problem can be overcome by including a short pulse of 5'-AMP (stripping ligand) in the irrigant a couple of column volumes prior to the discontinuation of the specific substrate analogue (locking-on ligand) is clear from the results presented in this report. The general effectiveness of this auxiliary tactic has been assessed using model studies and through incorporation into an actual purification from a crude cellular extract. The results confirm the usefulness of the stripping-ligand tactic for the resolution and purification of NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenases when using the locking-on strategy. These studies have been carried out using bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.3), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH, EC 1.1.1.1), porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH, EC 1.1.1.37), and bovine heart L-lactate dehydrogenase (l-LDH, EC 1.1.1.27).
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PMID:A "stripping" ligand tactic for use with the kinetic locking-on strategy: its use in the resolution and bioaffinity chromatographic purification of NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenases. 1042 64

We present a multiwavelength, transient-state kinetic study of the oxidative deamination reaction catalyzed by Clostridium symbiosum glutamate dehydrogenase (csGDH) producing the real-time reaction courses of spectroscopically resolved kinetically competent intermediate complexes. The results show striking differences from a corresponding transient-state study of the same reaction by the structurally homologous enzyme from beef liver (blGDH). In addition to the highly blue-shifted alpha-iminoglutarate and highly red-shifted carbinolamine complexes observed in both reactions, the csGDH reaction appeared to show the release of free NADH at a very early and mechanistically unlikely point in the reaction. Using lactic acid dehydrogenase as a "reporter" for free NADH, we show that the early portion of this signal reflects previously unobserved spectrally unshifted enzyme-bound NADH complexes. We provide experimental evidence to show that such spectrally anomalous complexes must represent forms of the known alpha-imino and alpha-carbinolamine complexes in which the active site cleft is open. This evidence includes isothermal calorimetric measurements and pH-jump experiments that show the existence of differing two-state transitions in blGDH and csGDH and locate active site domain motions at differing points in the transient-state time courses of the two enzyme reactions. We prove the kinetic competence of a new and more highly detailed mechanism for the csGDH reaction that involves the alternation of open and closed enzyme complexes as integral steps. These findings, supported by the available X-ray crystal structure data, suggest the existence of a programmed time course of protein domain motions coordinated with the classically considered chemical time course. This new viewpoint may be presumed to be applicable to enzyme reactions other than those of the alpha-amino acid dehydrogenases.
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PMID:Detection of multiple active site domain motions in transient-state component time courses of the Clostridium symbiosum L-glutamate dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidative deamination reaction. 1222 Jan 95

This study reevaluates the potential for direct coupling of NAD(P)(+) to a carboxylate-terminating spacer arm using carbodiimide-promoted coupling in an attempt to develop a greatly simplified synthetic method for cofactor immobilization that would support the more widespread adoption of kinetic-based enzyme capture (KBEC) strategies for protein purification applications and protein-detecting arrays/proteomic studies. Direct coupling of NAD(+) to epoxy (1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)-activated Sepharose is also described. Depending on the synthetic method used, the position of attachment of cofactor is concluded to be primarily through the pyrophosphate or ribosyl hydroxyl groups. Total substitution levels varied from 0.5 to 2 micromol/g wet weight with 28-67% accessibility. Model bioaffinity chromatographic studies employing KBEC strategies are reported for bovine heart L-lactate dehydrogenase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, l-phenylalanine dehydrogenase from Sporosarcina, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from Candida utilis, and GDH from bovine liver. The NAD(+) derivative prepared using epoxy-activated Sepharose shows most potential for further development based on total substitution levels, the apparent absence of nonbiospecific interference, reversible biospecific adsorption of some of the test enzymes using soluble KBEC/stripping ligand tactics, and the relative simplicity of the synthetic method.
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PMID:Immobilized cofactor derivatives for kinetic-based enzyme capture strategies: direct coupling of NAD(P)+. 1555 71

Five different immobilized NAD+ derivatives were employed to compare the behavior of four amino acid dehydrogenases chromatographed using kinetic-based enzyme capture strategies (KBECS): S6-, N6-, N1-, 8'-azo-, and pyrophosphate-linked immobilized NAD+. The amino acid dehydrogenases were NAD+-dependent phenylalanine (EC 1.4.1.20), alanine (EC 1.4.1.1), and leucine (EC 1.4.1.9) dehydrogenases from various microbial species and NAD(P)+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from bovine liver (GDH; EC 1.4.1.3). KBECS for bovine heart L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) were also applied to assist in a preliminary assessment of the immobilized cofactor derivatives. Results confirm that the majority of the enzymes studied retained affinity for NAD+ immobilized through an N6 linkage, as opposed to an N1 linkage, replacement of the nitrogen with sulfur to produce an S6 linkage, or attachment of the cofactor through the C8 position or the pyrophosphate group of the cofactor. The one exception to this was the dual-cofactor-specific GDH from bovine liver, which showed no affinity for N6-linked NAD+ but was biospecifically adsorbed to S6-linked NAD+ derivatives in the presence of its soluble KBEC ligand. The molecular basis for this is discussed together with the implications for future development and application of KBECS.
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PMID:Fundamental differences in bioaffinity of amino acid dehydrogenases for N6- and S6-linked immobilized cofactors using kinetic-based enzyme-capture strategies. 1570 40

Surfactants influence functions of proteins in cell signalling. Because molecular mechanisms of surfactants are poorly understood, the cationic surfactant effect on three metabolically important enzymes--L-glutamate dehydrogenase, L-lactate dehydrogenase, and L-malate dehydrogenase--were investigated at a physiologically relevant pH range (6.5-7.4). How a cationic, a non-ionic, and an anionic surfactant could differentially influence these enzymes, and how these surfactants could influence the interfacial mass transport of these enzymes across a polycarbonate membrane in a separation cell were also investigated. Provided the charge density was the same, cationic surfactants affected enzymatic activities similarly, regardless of their molecular masses. Hence, a cationic surfactant behaved similarly to a hydrophilic anionic surfactant; however, the cationic surfactant also enhanced enzymatic activity at pH 6.5 and a moderately high concentration (150 ppm). The hydrophilic surfactant enhanced enzymatic activity and the hydrophobic surfactant depressed enzymatic activity. Addition of 0.1 ppm of the hydrophilic anionic surfactant decreased the amount of enzyme permeation through the membrane, but 0.1 ppm of the non-ionic surfactant had no effect, whereas 0.1 ppm of the hydrophobic surfactant increased enzyme permeation. These results have physiological and signalling implications in nanobiotechnology.
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PMID:Cationic surfactants and other factors that affect enzymatic activities and transport. 1738 69

N(6)-carboxymethyl-NAD (N(6)-CM-NAD) can be used to immobilize NAD onto a substrate containing terminal primary amines. We previously immobilized N(6)-CM-NAD onto sepharose beads and showed that Thermotoga maritima glycerol dehydrogenase could use the immobilized cofactor with cofactor recycling. We now show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase, rabbit muscle L-lactate dehydrogenase (type XI), bovine liver L-glutamic dehydrogenase (type III), Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-genase, and Thermotoga maritima mannitol dehydrogenase are active with soluble N(6)-CM-NAD. The products of all enzymes but 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone were formed when sepharose-immobilized N(6)-CM-NAD was recycled by T. maritima glycerol dehydrogenase, indicating that N(6)-immobilized NAD is suitable for use by a variety of different dehydrogenases. Observations of the enzyme active sites suggest that steric hindrance plays a greater role in limiting or allowing activity with the modified cofactor than do polarity and charge of the residues surrounding the N(6)-amine group on NAD.
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PMID:Activity of select dehydrogenases with sepharose-immobilized N(6)-carboxymethyl-NAD. 2561 53

The up-regulation of L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an intracellular enzyme present in most of all body tissues, is indicative of several pathological conditions and cellular death. Herein, we demonstrate LDH detection using porous silicon (pSi) microcavities as a luminescence-enhancing optical biosensing platform. Non-fluorescent resazurin was covalently attached onto the pSi surface via thermal hydrocarbonisation, thermal hydrosylilation and acylation. Each surface modification step was confirmed by means of FTIR and the optical shifts of the resonance wavelength of the microcavity. Thermal hydrocarbonisation also afforded excellent surface stability, ensuring that the resazurin was not reduced on the pSi surface. Using a pSi microcavity biosensor, the fluorescence signal upon detection of LDH was amplified by 10 and 5-fold compared to that of a single layer and a detuned microcavity, respectively, giving a limit of detection of 0.08 U/ml. The biosensor showed a linear response between 0.16 and 6.5 U/ml, covering the concentration range of LDH in normal as well as damaged tissues. The biosensor was selective for LDH and did not produce a signal upon incubation with another NAD-dependant enzyme L-glutamic dehydrogenase. The use of the pSi microcavity as a sensing platform reduced reagent usage by 30% and analysis time threefold compared to the standard LDH assay in solution.
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PMID:Development of L-lactate dehydrogenase biosensor based on porous silicon resonant microcavities as fluorescence enhancers. 2620 80

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