Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Under general anaesthesia the common bile duct was ligated in two sheep and two calves. Occlusion of the duct was permanent and was followed by portal fibrosis, proliferation of bile ducts and intrahepatic bile stasis. Mild hepatic cell damage was accompanied by the release of glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and arginase into serum. The release of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was slower but more continuous. One sheep and one calf developed peritonitis associated with the leakage of bile from a biopsy wound in the live. One of these animals and the other two on which biopsy was not performed became photosensitised on exposure to sunlight. The concentration of phylloerythrin was high in serum and urine. All animals became jaundiced and the increased concentration of bilirubin in serum and urine was mainly direct reacting, ie, conjugated with glucuronic acid.
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PMID:The excretion of phylloerythrin and bilirubin by calves and sheep. 0 8

Continuous loss of bile in rats with a bile reservoir applied to the common bile duct caused an increase in specific activity of malic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphoric dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, urokinase and histidinase in the liver homogenates by the 7th day; the specific activity decreased by the 10th day. Disruption of innervation of the liver caused a sharp decrease of the ATP content and the abovementioned specifc activity in this organ. In continuous loss of bile there were revealed oscillations in the activity of the above-mentioned enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase in bile from the 1st to the 10th day of the experiment. Marked changes in the oscillations in the dysinnervated liver were in favour of the fact that those oscillations coursed under the control of the nervous system.
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PMID:[Enzyme activity of the bile and liver after disruption of its innervation and bile loss]. 18 5

Glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (GOT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), pseudo-cholinesterase (ChE) and various blood constituents were measured in the plasma of Japanese quail fed 1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (DDMU) at low levels for periods ranging from 2 to 32 days. Previous work has shown that DDMU is a potent inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymes causing marked structural changes in the liver. A rapid increase in plasma GOT was observed within 4 days accompanied by an increase in relative liver weight. Plasma GDH and SDH increased to a maximum between 16 and 24 dyas which seems to be associated with hepatic cell proliferation. Plasma ChE showed a steady increase over the time course of DDMU administration. The level of plasma lipid was reduced after 4 days whereas the hepatic lipid content was substantially increased suggesting that the fatty liver condition may be caused by decreased release of triglyceride from the liver. Plasma glucose was reduced at 8 days but there was no evidence of a hyperglycaemic state. The changes noted after 2 days of DDMU diet were confirmed by measurements on birds 18 h after oral dosing the DDMU. The study demonstrates the value of plasma enzyme measurements for the early detection of toxic effects and indicates that DDMU administration leads to extrahepatic effects in addition to those previously described in the liver.
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PMID:The effects of 1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene on plasma enzymes and blood constituents in the Japanese quail. 46 32

The response of various species of Anser and Branta geese and other avian species to the ingestion of carbophenothion (S-[[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been investigated. Optimum assay conditions for measurement of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase in avian plasma were developed for the study. The administration of acutely toxic doses of carbophenothion to Japanese quail, pigeons, and chickens, and to Greylag, Pink-footed, Greenland White-fronted, and Canada geese led to species-dependent responses for both plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and cholinesterase levels. Carbophenothion administered to Japanese quail at several dose levels produced changes in plasma enzyme levels which were dependent on dose and time. The level of plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase after dosing in the Anser family of geese rose more rapidly than in the Branta species but no change was found in this enzyme in either chickens or pigeons. In contrast to geese and pigeons, chickens exhibited no plasma cholinesterase inhibition for 3 hr after dosing. These enzyme changes demonstrate a species variation in the toxicological response of birds to a pesticide and indicate the desirability of using more than one avian species for pesticide toxicity testing.
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PMID:Variation in the response of plasma enzyme activities in avian species dosed with carbophenothion. 72 17

Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.
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PMID:Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis. 83 11

Activities of glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were determined in tissues of six cattle after slaughter. The liver contained the highest activities of all three enzymes and the kidney cortex also contained high activities of GLDH and SDH. Activities of OCT were negligible in tissues other than liver. GLDH and OCT activities were determined in plasma of two groups of cows fed different levels of protein during the pre-calving period and up to 14 weeks post calving. In both groups activities of both enzymes increased after calving, reaching three to seven times pre-calving levels between seven and 17 weeks post calving and declining thereafter. Activities of both enzymes reached higher levels in the group fed protein to conform to the recommendations of the ARC (1965) than in the group fed 25 per cent below these recommendations. One--conventional--interpretation of this would be that higher intakes of proteins were associated with pathology of liver cells but other interpretations cannot be ruled out entirely.
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PMID:The effect of protein intake on the activities of liver specific enzymes in the plasma of dairy cows. 84 Nov 92

Changes in serum enzyme levels, liver histology and liver function tests have been correlated to determine the usefulness of these tests in assessing liver status. The effects of carbon tetrachloride administration on these parameters has been determined in a group of 20 sheep. Normal levels, elevated levels after injury and the effect of elapsed time after injury are reported for serum glutamic dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, fructose-1-phosphate adlolase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and proteins. Variation in the time of elevation of enzyme activities may be useful in determining the elapsed time between acute injury and serum sampling. In comparison to sheep fed an adequate diet, a diet with a restricted protein intake was associated with increased severity of histological lesions and decreased liver function.
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PMID:A comparison of parameters used to assess liver damage in sheep treated with carbon tetrachloride. 92 59

Because of the difficulties in drawing blood for clinical chemistry in small laboratory animals there exist many methods for sampling blood and the preparation of serum, none of which is generally accepted or well standardised. It was the aim of this study to investigate the effects of sampling techniques on normal values of enzyme activities in the serum of rat and mouse. The activities of the following enzymes were determined: sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, myokinase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase. In addition plasmaproteins, urea and inorganic phosphorus were measured. In rats blood was obtained from the following sites: retroorbital venous plexus, jugular vein, heart and ventral aorta. In mice blood was sampled from the jugular vein and the ventral aorta. Shifts of water from the interstitial to the intravascular space due to hypovolemia occurring during the experimental procedure were followed up by measuring the hematocrit and the distribution of radioiodide labelled albumin. In rats the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase and myokinase found in blood serum obtained from the retroorbital venous plexus and the ventral aorta were too high compared to the other sampling sites. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were slightly elevated when blood was sampled from the punctured retroorbital venous plexus. Small differences in plasmaproteins and hematocrit values were found to be due to acute shifts of water within the extracellular space. In mice the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and myokinase were found to be too high in blood serum obtained from the ventral aorta. Efflux of enzymes from damaged cells and the interstitial space ive caused erroneous results too, but only to a minor extent. The most reliable method for blood sampling in rat and mouse is the cannulation of the jugular vein. The heart puncture can be recommended too. Attention should be paid, however, to the possibility of aspirating disrupted muscle cells through the inserted needle.
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PMID:[Effects of blood sampling on enzyme activities in the serum of small laboratory animals (author's transl)]. 108 84

Desert sheep experimentally or naturally infected with Fasciola gigantica were used to study the influence of infection on the activities of some drug-metabolizing enzymes found in the liver. The enzymes investigated were aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline 4-hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase. The experimental infection was confirmed histologically by detection of Fasciola eggs in faeces and by measuring the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD), glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma during the course of the disease. Liver specimens from naturally infected sheep were obtained from the slaughter house. The activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline 4-hydroxylase were significantly decreased in sheep either naturally infected or during the acute stage of experimental fascioliasis (killed 5 weeks post-infection). The activity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase was decreased in naturally infected sheep and those killed 9 or 13 weeks post-experimental infection.
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PMID:The effects of fascioliasis on the activities of some drug-metabolizing enzymes in desert sheep liver. 161 99

Microsome, cytosol and serum malathion carboxylesterase (MaCEst) activity was assessed in rats after single i.p. administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in doses ranging from 0.05 to 1 ml kg-1. MaCEst activities were compared with those of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6-Pase) as an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum damage and serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SHD) as indicators of liver cytolysis. The data showed a dose-dependent increase in GLDH and SDH serum activities (175% and 68%) from 0.05 ml kg-1; an increase in serum G6-Pase (31%) and a decrease in microsomal G6-Pase (38%) was apparent only after 0.5 or 1.0 ml kg-1 doses. MaCEst activity was unaffected. The results demonstrate that, under these experimental conditions, serum and subcellular measurements of MaCEst activity failed to reveal the liver toxicity of CCl4.
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PMID:Difference in liver and serum malathion carboxylesterase and glucose-6-phosphatase in detecting carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. 166 44


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