Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the neurological disease associated with HTLV-1 infected T lymphocytes infiltrated within the CNS are suspected of playing a prominent role in pathogenesis via inflammatory cytokines and the viral protein Tax-1. We hypothesized that T lymphocytes initiate functional perturbation in astrocytes, resulting in neuronal alteration as glial cells have a crucial role in CNS homeostasis. In particular, astrocytes manage the steady state level of glutamate and continuously provide metabolite precursors to neurons and oligodendrocytes. Using a model system of HTLV-1-infected T cells-astrocytes interaction, we show that after contact with T cells, astrocyte acquire a phenotype typical of gliosis: secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9, MMP-3). The concomitant increase in the expression of MMPs and of their endogenous inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) suggests a perturbation in MMP/TIMP balance. This may alter the extracellular matrix and, in turn, the cell environment. At a functional level, glutamate transport and catabolism are impaired in astrocytes. A decrease in glutamate uptake is associated with downregulated expression of glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1. The expression of astrocytic enzyme of glutamate metabolism is modified with up-regulation of glutamine synthetase and down-regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase. The involvement of Tax-1 in these alterations, directly or indirectly via TNF-alpha, is shown. Altered glutamate uptake and catabolism associated with impairment in cell connectivity via MMP/TIMP imbalance could compromise the functional integrity of the CNS in general and that of neurons and oligodendrocytes in particular.
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PMID:Astrocytic alterations induced by HTLV type 1-infected T lymphocytes: a role for Tax-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. 1108 Aug 17

Microbial-induced polyclonal activation of B cells is a common event in several forms of infections, and is believed to play a crucial role both for enhancing the production of specific antibodies and for maintenance of B cell memory. Therefore, a major challenge in biomedical research is the identification of pathogen-derived products capable of rapidly mounting B cell expansion and differentiation. Here we report that glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) stimulates polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of naive B cells. This stimulation was found to be T cell independent, but to absolutely require CD11b(+) cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that stimulation of CD11b(+) cells by GDH leads to the production of IL-6, IL-10 and B cell-activating factor (BAFF), all of which combine to powerfully induce B cell expansion. Importantly, IL-6 and IL-10 further drive B cell terminal differentiation into plasma cells by up-regulating critical transcription factors and immunoglobulin secretion. Our data provide the first evidence that a protozoan antigen can induce BAFF production by accessory cells, which in concert with other cytokines trigger polyclonal B cell activation.
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PMID:A Trypanosoma cruzi antigen signals CD11b+ cells to secrete cytokines that promote polyclonal B cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. 1668 79

The emergence of new targeted therapies is rapidly improving the treatment of autoimmune disease. These drugs have been variably designed to deplete specific T and B cell subsets, interrupt receptor-ligand interactions, and inhibit the activity of inflammatory mediators relevant to immune function. Abatacept, a co-stimulatory blocker, and rituximab, a B cell depleting antibody, are among the approved therapies seeking new indications, while the newer therapies include Fc receptor-non-binding CD3-specific antibodies, IL-12/23 antibodies, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, a sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist, and small molecule inhibitors of intracellular protein kinases. Antigen-specific therapies are in their infancy, but the latest results administering glutamic acid dehydrogenase peptide to type 1 diabetics are promising. In the future, treatment strategies may increasingly explore the use of drug combinations acting at multiple sites of aberrant immunoregulation to achieve disease quiescence and immune tolerance.
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PMID:Novel targeted therapies for autoimmunity. 1982