Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.4.1.2 (glutamate dehydrogenase)
 4,380 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), mitochondrial GOT (GOTm), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were determined in 43 healthy controls and in 280 cases of liver diseases. A simplified column chromatographic method coupled with UV assay was employed for separation of GOTm. The activity was measured by following decrease in abosrbance of NADH at 340 nm. The lowest activity of GOTm determined with a coefficient of variation below 10% was 6 mIU/ml. High GOTm activities were found in acute hepatitis (acute stage), subacute hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis and were generally associated with high total GOT (GOTt) activities. The activity ratio of GOTm/GOTt varied depending on the stage and severity of liver diseases. The GOTm/GOTt ratio was decreased in acute, fulminant and subacute hepatitides. No significant reduction in the ratio was found in bile duct obstruction, alcoholic liver injury or metastatic liver cancer. Although relatively high GOTm/GOTt ratios were found in some patients with severe hepatic injury, they had no definite association with poor prognosis. These results indicate that the marked elevation in GOTt over GPT in advanced chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and primary hepatoma was mainly due to preferential leakage of cytoplasmic GOT (GOTs).
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PMID:The mechanism of the release of hepatic enzymes in various liver diseases. 1. Alterations in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzyme activities in serum. 22 31

In liver and serum, AST activity is dependent on two isoenzymes, which are mitochondrial and cytosolic in nature. In an attempt to explain the well-known increase of serum mitochondrial AST-to-total AST ratio in chronic alcoholism (which is due to a specific increase of the mitochondrial isoenzyme), we analyzed: (a) liver and serum AST, ALT and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in 23 active drinkers with minimal liver changes, 11 alcoholic patients with cirrhosis who had stopped drinking, 18 nonalcoholic patients with viral chronic hepatitis and 11 subjects with normal livers; and (b) the expression of messenger RNAs for AST isoenzymes in the corresponding liver samples. Enzymatic activities were decreased in the liver irrespective of the origin of the liver disease. In patients with viral chronic hepatitis (or in those with alcoholic cirrhosis when abstinent), variations in liver proteins and messenger RNAs paralleled significant decreases in mitochondrial AST, ALT and glutamate dehydrogenase and a nonsignificant decrease of cytosolic AST. In alcoholic patients with minimal liver changes, the significant decrease of hepatic cytosolic AST, ALT and glutamate dehydrogenase activities contrasted with a close-to-normal liver mitochondrial AST activity; the increased amounts of mitochondrial AST messenger RNA give evidence for a pretranslational mechanism of regulation, indicating a possible increase in the total production of mitochondrial AST in the liver. The decrease of hepatic cytosolic AST activity was statistically significant only in alcoholic patients without cirrhosis who had a normal cytosolic AST mRNA level, thus suggesting a contributory role of translational or posttranslational regulation. In conclusion, regulation of AST isozymes during liver disease is complex, including differential, pretranslational and translational or posttranslational mechanisms.
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PMID:Hepatic activity and mRNA expression of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease. 191 63

Fifteen heavy drinkers with the histological features of chronic hepatitis were studied. Chronic hepatitis observed in heavy drinkers can be divided into two categories. One is caused by alcohol, and the other is not etiologically related to alcohol. Chronic hepatitis caused by alcohol showed a definite improvement of clinical features following abstinence, as well as significantly high serum GOT/GPT ratios and high glutamate dehydrogenase activities on admission. These clinical features are distinctly different from chronic hepatitis without etiological relation to alcohol and resemble the other types of alcoholic liver injury. The leukocyte migration inhibition test by ethanol was more frequently positive in chronic hepatitis induced by alcohol than in the other types of alcoholic liver injury except for alcoholic hepatitis. Histological characteristics of the liver in chronic hepatitis induced by alcohol included the coexistence of features of both chronic hepatitis and alcoholic fibrosis. Three of four cases of chronic hepatitis induced by alcohol developed cirrhosis during the follow-up period. These results suggest that chronic hepatitis induced by alcohol is a type of alcoholic liver disease with an immunopathological etiology. It is a step toward the development of liver cirrhosis.
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PMID:Chronic hepatitis induced by alcohol. 682 42

Differential diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis, persistent chronic hepatitis, aggressive chronic hepatitis, and post-necrotic cirrhosis can reasonably be achieved on the basis of three well-known liver-function tests: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. With use of principal-component analysis, these four liver diseases can be characterized by two criteria: a "cytolytic" criterion, correlated particularly with a membrane-permeability test--namely, alanine aminotransferase activity--and a "mitochondrial damage" criterion, which is associated with above-normal ornithine carbamyltransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities.
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PMID:Multivariate analysis of an enzymic profile for the differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis. 743 42

We developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) protein, and examined serum OCT concentrations in patients with various liver diseases. OCT concentrations were markedly elevated in cases of hepatic encephalopathy, 'acute on chronic', and those with the acute phase of acute hepatitis, moderately in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, primary biliary cirrhosis, and slightly in those with a fatty liver. High percentages (92-98%) of patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma had higher than normal concentrations of serum OCT protein. There was a close correlation with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and moderate correlations with those of mitochondrial AST, glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. The OCT/ALT ratio was higher in patients with liver cirrhosis than in those with chronic hepatitis (p < 0.001), and was still higher in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (p < 0.05). In 2 patients with 'acute on chronic' disease, OCT concentrations decreased similarly with or more rapidly than AST or ALT activities after admission. In 2 patients with hepatic encephalopathy, the OCT concentrations changed similarly with AST and ALT activities. This OCT ELISA system will aid in diagnosing various liver diseases and in the follow-up of the patients, and the OCT/ALT ratio may serve for a differential diagnosis of liver diseases.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with liver diseases. 778 67

In experiments on 182 white male rats hepatitis was modelled by percutaneous injection of 0.1 ml/500 g of tetrachloromethane (TCM) dissolved in olive oil. TCM was injected every other day for 65 days. After development of hepatitis (in 65 days) synthesis of glutamine and urea, partial oxygen pressure in the liver were studied. It is shown that modelling of chronic hepatitis leads to impairment of glutamine and urea synthesis, reduction of tissue blood flow and oxygen partial pressure. It is suggested that the reason of these changes is inhibition activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, arginase and short-term depression activity of phosphate-dependent glutaminase. The changes in the enzymatic activity lead to lowering tissue level of glutamine, urea, accumulation of ammonia ions. These changes persist for 14 days after the last injection of tetrachloromethane.
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PMID:[The ammonia neutralization function of the liver in chronic active hepatitis]. 1505 75

We report 13 patients (10 with chronic hepatitis C, 1 with chronic hepatitis B, 2 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) with persistently elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels who were treated with dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6-dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2' dicarboxylate (DDB). ALT rapidly normalized in 12/13 patients and remained normal during treatment. Unlike ALT levels, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase levels were not affected. Furthermore, there was no beneficial effect on the histological grade and stage of liver disease. In vitro experiments with hepatocytes resulted in a significant decrease of hepatocellular ALT levels in the DDB treated cells, suggesting, that DDB affects the synthesis and/or degradation of ALT in liver cells. In conclusion, the normalization of ALT during DDB treatment does not indicate therapeutic efficacy. In view of the wide use of DDB in patients with chronic liver diseases who participate in clinical studies DDB use should be excluded.
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PMID:DDB treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis. 1518 15