Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.3.99.3 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase)
 1,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metabolic cardiomyopathies include amino acid, lipid and mitochondrial disorders, as well as storage diseases. A number of metabolic disorders are associated with both myopathy and cardiomyopathy. These include the glycogen storage diseases, ie, acid maltase deficiency (infantile, childhood, and adult onset), McArdle disease, and debrancher and brancher deficiencies. Disorders of lipid metabolism include systemic carnitine deficiency and abnormalities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Disorders of mitochondrial metabolism affect complex I, II, III, IV and V, in addition to multiple respiratory chain defects. These may cause either hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, cardiomyopathy is frequently a component part of the storage disorders, including mucopolysaccharidosis, mucolipidosis, Fabry disease, gangliosidosis, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by mutations in one of the genes that encode proteins of the cardiac sarcomere. Mutations in different genes are attended by different prognoses and different risks of sudden death. Mutations of the genes for myosin binding protein C (MBPC) and tropomyosin have low penetrance and cause mild forms of primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, while mutations of the troponin T and B-myosin genes carry a worse prognosis. Conduction disorders result in cardiac arrhythmias that may be fatal. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy is usually an autosomal recessive disorder that results in the presence of abnormal Purkinje cells that interfere with normal cardiac conduction. Other conduction defects include arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), congenital heart block, noncompaction of the left ventricle, and long Q-T syndrome (LQTS). The genetic loci for LQTS reside usually in the potassium channel, and, less frequently, in the sodium channel (channelopathies). Although the histological appearance of some of these disorders may be diagnostic, molecular analysis is necessary to define clearly the particular type of cardiomyopathy.
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PMID:Review: Metabolic cardiomyopathy and conduction system defects in children. 1503 65

The world of metabolic myopathies has been dramatically modified by the advent of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the first causative treatment for glycogenosis type II (GSDII) or Pompe disease, which has given new impetus to research into that disease and also other pathologies. This article reviews new advances in the treatment of GSDII, the consensus about ERT, and its limitations. In addition, the most recent knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, phenotype, and genotype of the disease is discussed. Pharmacological, immunotherapy, nutritional, and physical/rehabilitative treatments for late-onset Pompe disease and other metabolic myopathies are covered, including treatments for defects in glycogen metabolism, such as glycogenosis type V (McArdle disease), and glycogenosis type III (debrancher enzyme deficiency), and defects in lipid metabolism, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency and electron transferring flavoprotein dehydrogenase deficiency, or riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
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PMID:Therapeutic advances in the management of Pompe disease and other metabolic myopathies. 2399 16

Metabolic myopathies are disorders of utilization of carbohydrates or fat in muscles. The acute nature of energy failure is manifested either by a metabolic crisis with weakness, sometimes associated with respiratory failure, or by myoglobinuria. A typical disorder where permanent weakness occurs is glycogenosis type II (GSDII or Pompe disease) both in infantile and late-onset forms, where respiratory insufficiency is manifested by a large number of cases. In GSDII the pathogenetic mechanism is still poorly understood, and has to be attributed more to structural muscle alterations, possibly in correlation to macro-autophagy, rather than to energetic failure. This review is focused on recent advances about GSDII and its treatment, and the most recent notions about the management and treatment of other metabolic myopathies will be briefly reviewed, including glycogenosis type V (McArdle disease), glycogenosis type III (debrancher enzyme deficiency or Cori disease), CPT-II deficiency, and ETF-dehydrogenase deficiency (also known as riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or RR-MADD). The discovery of the genetic defect in ETF dehydrogenase confirms the etiology of this syndrome. Other metabolic myopathies with massive lipid storage and weakness are carnitine deficiency, neutral lipid storage-myopathy (NLSD-M), besides RR-MADD. Enzyme replacement therapy is presented with critical consideration and for each of the lipid storage disorders, representative cases and their response to therapy is included. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuromuscular Diseases: Pathology and Molecular Pathogenesis.
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PMID:Spectrum of metabolic myopathies. 2499 54

Metabolic myopathies are disorders affecting utilization of carbohydrates or fat in the skeletal muscle. Adult patients with metabolic myopathies typically present with exercise-induced pain, contractures or stiffness, fatigue, and myoglobinuria. Symptoms are related to energy failure. Purpose of review In this review, the current treatment options, including exercise therapy, dietary treatment, pharmacological supplementation, gene transcription, and enzyme replacement therapy, are described. Recent findings Recognition of the metabolic block in the metabolic myopathies has started the development of new therapeutic options. Enzyme replacement therapy with rGAA has revolutionized treatment of early onset Pompe disease. Supplements of riboflavin, carnitine, and sucrose show promise in patients with respectively riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, primary carnitine deficiency, and McArdle disease. Treatment with citric acid cycle intermediates supply by triheptanoin seems promising in patients with glucogenoses, and studies are ongoing in patients with McArdle disease. Summary Treatment of metabolic myopathies primarily relies on avoiding precipitating factors and dietary supplements that bypass the metabolic block. Only a few of the used supplements are validated, and further studies are needed to define efficacious treatments. Further potential treatment targets are molecular therapies aimed at enzyme correction, such as chaperone therapy, gene therapy, gene expression therapy, and enzyme replacement therapies.
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PMID:Treatment Opportunities in Patients With Metabolic Myopathies. 2893 90

Inherited muscle disorders are caused by pathogenic changes in numerous genes. Herein, we aimed to investigate the etiology of muscle disease in 24 consecutive Greek patients with myopathy suspected to be genetic in origin, based on clinical presentation and laboratory and electrophysiological findings and absence of known acquired causes of myopathy. Of these, 16 patients (8 females, median 24 years-old, range 7 to 67 years-old) were diagnosed by Whole Exome Sequencing as suffering from a specific type of inherited muscle disorder. Specifically, we have identified causative variants in 6 limb-girdle muscular dystrophy genes (6 patients; ANO5, CAPN3, DYSF, ISPD, LAMA2, SGCA), 3 metabolic myopathy genes (4 patients; CPT2, ETFDH, GAA), 1 congenital myotonia gene (1 patient; CLCN1), 1 mitochondrial myopathy gene (1 patient; MT-TE) and 3 other myopathy-associated genes (4 patients; CAV3, LMNA, MYOT). In 6 additional family members affected by myopathy, we reached genetic diagnosis following identification of a causative variant in an index patient. In our patients, genetic diagnosis ended a lengthy diagnostic process and, in the case of Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and Pompe's disease, it enabled specific treatment to be initiated. These results further expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of inherited myopathies.
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PMID:Genetic cause of heterogeneous inherited myopathies in a cohort of Greek patients. 3330 17