Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.3.5.1 (succinate dehydrogenase)
 8,177 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental lead pollution was studied in some organs (foot, mantle and digestive gland) of Viviparus viviparus L. The amount of lead contained after 48h, 96 h and one week of pollution were established using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. On the basis of physicochemical determination, it turns out that lead is mainly concentrated in the mantle. The biochemical tests (cholesterol, sulpholipids and phospholipids) were aimed at evaluating the lipids involved in the membranes. The histochemical research was carried out chiefly to evaluate the modifications of polysaccharides and proteins. Some hydrolytic enzymes (Na+ and K+ dependent ATPase) and some ooreductive enzymes (NADH+ and NADPH+ dependent diaphorases, D-lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase) were also tested. The digestive gland is the most severely damaged organ as proved by histomorphological and biochemical analyses.
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PMID:Effect of pollution on some freshwater species. I. histochemical and biochemical features of lead pollution on some organs of Viviparus viviparus L. (Mollusca Gastropoda). 689 17

Isolated membranes of the cell wall-less stable protoplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis were characterized by density gradient centrifugation and by assay for their major chemical constituents, proteins, phospholipids and lipopolysacchartide, and for some specific marker enzymes of the cytoplasmic membrane. In most of the analyzed properties the L-form protoplast membrane resembled the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, with some notable modifications. Considerable amounts of lipopolysaccharide, normally an exclusive constituent of the outer membrane, were found. Furthermore, the L-form membranes contained the functions of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase system, of D-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28) and of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) at specific activities comparable to, or in some cases considerably higher than, those present in cytoplasmic membranes of the bacterial form. Of two peptidoglycan DD-carboxypeptidase/transpeptidases (EC 3.4.17.8 and EC 2.3.2.10). which are normally present in the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial form of P. mirabilis, the membrane of the protoplast L-form contained only one. Electron microscopy of thin sectioned L-form protoplasts showed extensive heterogeneity of membraneous structures. In addition to the single membraneous integument, internal membrane-bounded vesicles and multiple stacks of membranes were present, as the result of unbalanced growth and membrane synthesis in the L-form state.
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PMID:Membranes of the protoplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis. 700 76

Cell envelope fractions of Moraxella nonliquefaciens were isolated by a slight modification of Osborn's method. Two main membrane fractions were characterized chemically and morphologically. The density of the fraction containing cytoplasmic membrane material was 1.17 to 1.18 g cm-3 compared with 1.24 to 1.27 g cm-3 for the outer membrane fraction. Lipopolysaccharide was detected almost exclusively in the outer membrane fraction and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this fraction revealed one dominant protein band with an apparent molecular weight of 45 000. Cross-contamination of the fractions was estimated to be about 10%, as calculated on the basis of the lipopolysaccharide fatty acid 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and on the relative activities of D-lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Isolation of a relatively pure outer membrane fraction of Moraxella nonliquefaciens and a comparison of its characteristics with the cytoplasmic membrane-containing material. 736 51

Corynebacterium glutamicum is an aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen as exogenous electron acceptor for respiration. Recent molecular and biochemical analyses together with information obtained from the genome sequence showed that C. glutamicum possesses a branched electron transport chain to oxygen with some remarkable features. Reducing equivalents obtained by the oxidation of various substrates are transferred to menaquinone via at least eight different dehydrogenases, i.e. NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate:quinone oxidoreductase, pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase, D-lactate dehydrogenase, L-lactate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and L-proline dehydrogenase. All these enzymes contain a flavin cofactor and, except succinate dehydrogenase, are single subunit peripheral membrane proteins located inside the cell. From menaquinol, the electrons are passed either via the cytochrome bc(1) complex to the aa(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase with low oxygen affinity, or to the cytochrome bd-type menaquinol oxidase with high oxygen affinity. The former branch is exceptional, in that it does not involve a separate cytochrome c for electron transfer from cytochrome c(1) to the Cu(A) center in subunit II of cytochrome aa(3). Rather, cytochrome c(1) contains two covalently bound heme groups, one of which presumably takes over the function of a separate cytochrome c. The bc(1) complex and cytochrome aa(3) oxidase form a supercomplex in C. glutamicum. The phenotype of defined mutants revealed that the bc(1)-aa(3) branch, but not the bd branch, is of major importance for aerobic growth in minimal medium. Changes of the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation caused by qualitative changes of the respiratory chain or by a defective F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase were found to have strong effects on metabolism and amino acid production. Therefore, the system of oxidative phosphorylation represents an attractive target for improving amino acid productivity of C. glutamicum by metabolic engineering.
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PMID:The respiratory chain of Corynebacterium glutamicum. 1294 35

Rhodoquinone (RQ) participates in fumarate reduction under anaerobiosis in some bacteria and some primitive eukaryotes. Euglena gracilis, a facultative anaerobic protist, also possesses significant rhodoquinone-9 (RQ9) content. Growth under low oxygen concentration induced a decrease in cytochromes and ubiquinone-9 (UQ9) content, while RQ9 and fumarate reductase (FR) activity increased. However, in cells cultured under aerobic conditions, a relatively high RQ9 content was also attained together with significant FR activity. In addition, RQ9 purified from E. gracilis mitochondria was able to trigger the activities of cytochrome bc1 complex, bc1-like alternative component and alternative oxidase, although with lower efficiency (higher Km, lower Vm) than UQ9. Moreover, purified E. gracilis mitochondrial NAD+-independent D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-iLDH) showed preference for RQ9 as electron acceptor, whereas L-iLDH and succinate dehydrogenase preferred UQ9. These results indicated a physiological role for RQ9 under aerobiosis and microaerophilia in E. gracilis mitochondria, in which RQ9 mediates electron transfer between D-iLDH and other respiratory chain components, including FR.
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PMID:Physiological role of rhodoquinone in Euglena gracilis mitochondria. 1632 48

Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is an important mechanism of evolution for protists adapting to oxygen-poor environments. Specifically, modifications of energy metabolism in anaerobic forms of mitochondria (e.g., hydrogenosomes) are likely to have been associated with gene transfer from prokaryotes. An interesting question is whether the products of transferred genes were directly targeted into the ancestral organelle or initially operated in the cytosol and subsequently acquired organelle-targeting sequences. Here, we identified key enzymes of hydrogenosomal metabolism in the free-living anaerobic amoebozoan Mastigamoeba balamuthi and analyzed their cellular localizations, enzymatic activities, and evolutionary histories. Additionally, we characterized 1) several canonical mitochondrial components including respiratory complex II and the glycine cleavage system, 2) enzymes associated with anaerobic energy metabolism, including an unusual D-lactate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthase, and 3) a sulfate activation pathway. Intriguingly, components of anaerobic energy metabolism are present in at least two gene copies. For each component, one copy possesses an mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), whereas the other lacks an MTS, yielding parallel cytosolic and hydrogenosomal extended glycolysis pathways. Experimentally, we confirmed that the organelle targeting of several proteins is fully dependent on the MTS. Phylogenetic analysis of all extended glycolysis components suggested that these components were acquired by LGT. We propose that the transformation from an ancestral organelle to a hydrogenosome in the M. balamuthi lineage involved the lateral acquisition of genes encoding extended glycolysis enzymes that initially operated in the cytosol and that established a parallel hydrogenosomal pathway after gene duplication and MTS acquisition.
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PMID:Lateral gene transfer and gene duplication played a key role in the evolution of Mastigamoeba balamuthi hydrogenosomes. 2557 5


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