Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.3.5.1 (succinate dehydrogenase)
8,177 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A rapid method of preparing plasma membranes from isolated fat cells is described. After homogenization of the cells, various fractions were isolated by differential centrifugation and linear gradients. Ficoll gradients were preferred because total preparation time was under 3 hr. The density of the plasma membranes was 1.14 in sucrose. The plasma membrane fraction was virtually uncontaminated by nuclei but contained 10% of the mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity and 25-30% of the RNA and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cytochrome c reductase activity of the microsomal fraction. Part of the RNA and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity was believed to be native to the plasma membrane or to the attached endoplasmic reticulum membranes demonstrated by electron microscopy. The adenyl cyclase activity of the plasma membrane fraction was five times that of Rodbell's "ghost" preparation and retained sensitivity to epinephrine. The plasma membrane ATPase activity was five times that of the homogenate and microsomal fractions. Electron microscopic evidence suggested contamination of the plasma membrane fraction by other subcellular components to be less than the biochemical data indicated.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of a plasma membrane fraction from isolated fat cells. 424 33

Analytical subcellular fractionation of tissue whole homogenates and microanalysis of organelle marker enzymes were used to study the activity and subcellular localization of enzymes implicated in HCO3 secretion in rat duodenal and gastric antral mucosae. The following organelles, characterized by their marker enzymes, were located in the density gradients: cytosol (lactate dehydrogenase), plasma membrane (5'-nucleotidase), peroxisomes (catalase), mitochondria (succinate dehydrogenase), endoplasmic reticulum (Tris-resistant alpha-glucosidase), lysosomes (N-beta-acetylglucosaminidase), and brush-border membrane (Zn2+-resistant alpha-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase). Compared with gastric antrum, rat duodenal mucosa contained over twice the activity of HCO3-ATPase and of Na+-K+-ATPase but less than one-tenth the activity of carbonic anhydrase. Duodenal HCO3-ATPase activity was observed in both mitochondrial and brush-border membrane fractions, whereas antral HCO3-ATPase activity was confined to mitochondria. Na+-K+-ATPase activity was found largely in the basolateral membrane (duodenum) and plasma membrane (antrum). In both tissues carbonic anhydrase activity was localized to the cytosolic fraction. These observations offer further evidence that differing biochemical mechanisms underlie HCO3 secretion by gastric and duodenal epithelia.
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PMID:Activities and subcellular localizations of enzymes implicated in gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion. 608 73

We studied the morphologic appearance of alcoholic hyalin (AH)-containing hepatocytes in liver biopsies from 14 patients with alcoholic liver disease. Most hepatocytes had a characteristic appearance. The cells were swollen and hydropic with an intact cell membrane. The mitochondria had variable-sized cristae which were both shortened and elongated. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was markedly decreased. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was bizarre, with detachment of the ribosomes that surrounded the AH. The hepatocytes that contained AH bodies had lost almost all the glucose-6-phosphate activity but had variable amounts of succinic dehydrogenase and diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activities. The neutrophils admixed with mononuclear cells attached themselves to the hepatocytes and then invaginated into the hepatocytic cytoplasm with focal lysis of the cell membrane mediated via the release of neutrophilic lysosomes. The distortion of protein-synthesizing organelles and decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity suggest that the AH-containing hepatocyte is metabolically decompensated. The final cell death may be related to the neutrophilic attack, rather than the metabolic derangement.
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PMID:Alcoholic hyalin-containing hepatocytes--a characteristic morphologic appearance. 620 13

The purpose of this study was to develop a primary cell culture system of rat gastric fundic epithelial cells. The cells, isolated enzymatically, were cultured in Coon's modified Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 15 mM HEPES buffer, fibronectin, and antibiotics. The inoculated cells started to grow rapidly on day 1 (doubling time, 26 h). The cells reached confluency on day 3. On phase contrast microscopy, over 90% of cells possessed epithelial characteristics. Histochemical studies showed (a) 90% of the epithelial cells contained PAS positive granules, (b) 5% of the cells gave a strong reaction for succinic dehydrogenase activity (presumably parietal cells), and (c) immunohistochemical localization of pepsinogen was negative. Ultrastructurally, microvilluslike structures, junctional complexes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and mucous granules were observed. Mitotic figures were clearly observed on Giemsa staining and the mitotic index was maximum on day 2. Autoradiographic and biochemical studies showed these cells possessed the capability to synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid and this ability was maximum on day 2. These cells were able to synthesize and to secrete glycoprotein and this function was significantly increased by 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate produced by the cultured cells was enhanced by addition of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (p less than 0.01). This in vitro system provides a valuable model for studies of cellular functions of gastric mucosa.
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PMID:Cell culture of rat gastric fundic mucosa. 629 Mar 9

A method using sucrose gradient centrifugation is described for the purification of plasma membranes of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. The subcellular fractions obtained have been submitted to a biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Two plasma membrane markers, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I, have been assayed at the same time as markers for other subcellular organelles, DNA (nuclei), succinic dehydrogenase (mitochondria), inosine diphosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum), and acid phosphatase (lysosomes). The exposure of the plasma membranes to a low concentration of digitonin allowed us to obtain their high purification. They are only contaminated by 2-3% of other cell components present in the macrophages homogenate. The representative ultrastructural technique used has confirmed the purity of the plasma membranes isolated.
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PMID:Analytical subcellular fractionation of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages: preparation of purified plasma membranes. 629 13

A conventional brush border membrane preparation, obtained by divalent cation precipitation of homogenates of rabbit renal cortex, was analyzed by countercurrent distribution in an aqueous dextran:polyethylene glycol two-phase system. The resulting fractions were assayed for the presence of the Na+/H+ antiporter and for a variety of biochemical marker enzymes. This analysis revealed four physically distinct membrane populations (A-D). Population A consisted of two subpopulations, A' and A", which were enriched an average of 49-fold in maltase; they were also highly enriched in alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and Na+/H+ antiporter. On the basis of their marker contents, populations A' and A" appear to represent highly purified, functional brush border membrane vesicles. Population B was enriched twofold in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and population C was enriched 12-fold in galactosyltransferase. Populations B and C accounted for 25% of the protein in the starting material and appear to reflect contamination of the brush border membrane preparation by subpopulations of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi fragments. Population D was enriched in Na+/H+ antiporter, alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, Na-K-ATPase, and acid phosphatase but not maltase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, galactosyltransferase, or succinate dehydrogenase. Its identity is unclear, and it might consist of a multiplicity of populations from different origins.
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PMID:Na+/H+ antiporter in membrane populations resolved from a renal brush border vesicle preparation. 633 Nov 75

Functional integrity of liver cell organelles in rats given the model abrupt cytotoxin 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) was examined by enzymatic histochemistry. Fasted 200-gm. male Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed 1, 2, 4, or 6 hours after an oral dose of 200 mg. of 1,1-DCE per kg. (in mineral oil) and 6 hours after 50, 100, or 150 mg. of 1,1-DCE per kg. Cubes of liver were quick frozen for histochemistry. Stage or degree of liver injury was assessed by histology and by measuring serum transaminase activities and liver ion levels. We found both early injury (2 hours following the 200-mg. per kg. dose) and slight injury (6 hours following the 50-mg. per kg. dose) characterized by: increases in liver sodium levels and striking decreases in the central area staining patterns of bile canaliculi membrane Mg++-ATPase, as well as of outer mitochondrial membrane monoamine oxidase and inner mitochondrial membrane succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. As injury progressed with time or increased in severity with dose, aberrations in the levels of other liver cell ions occurred, serum transaminase activities rose, and decreased staining of plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane components were evident in progressively wider areas around the central vein. Glutathione depletion was panlobular. In contrast, only at later times (4 and 6 hours) and after the larger doses did alterations to functional components of the mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and cytosol become evident in a narrow area around the central vein, which became necrotic. We consider these later appearing alterations secondary consequences of the midzonal necrosis and sinusoidal congestion produced by 1,1-DCE, whereas the plasma membranes and mitochondrial membranes appear to be primary foci of injury.
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PMID:Histochemical evidence that plasma and mitochondrial membranes are primary foci of hepatocellular injury caused by 1,1-dichloroethylene. 646 95

The time-course of the ultrastructural changes and activities of 6 marker enzymes of subcellular particles (succinate dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid RNAse, glucose-6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase) has been studied in the liver, spleen and thymus in rats administered T-2 toxin (mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species). A pronounced difference in the effect of T-2 toxin on the organs has been found. In the liver, the toxin induced a destruction of rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes, reduced ribosome number and progressively decreased activities of most enzymes. In the spleen, early and significant ultrastructural disturbances of all the cell membrane components and simultaneous lysosomal activation were observed. The changes in the thymus were characterized by a fast development of cell hydratation, organelle swelling and necrosis of some thymocytes with parallel increase in repair processes, infiltration by phagocytes and a selective activation of lysosomal hydrolases in the end of experimental time (72 h.). The results obtained emphasize an importance of cellular and subcellular membrane alterations in the mechanism of T-2 toxin action.
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PMID:[Effect of T-2 toxin on organ ultrastructure and organelle-specific enzyme activity in rats]. 665 69

Intrahepatic bile ductules in male Swiss Webster mice, fed a diet containing 2.5 percent griseofulvin (GF), showed marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia within two weeks. Thereafter, this reaction gradually increased in prominence until nine weeks. Cytoplasmic acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase deposits were more prominent and abundant after 12 to 14 weeks. Ultrastructural changes in ductular epithelial cells included enlargement of nuclei and nucleoli and increased abundance of cytoplasmic rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ribosomes and mitochondria until nine to 12 weeks. At this interval, duct lumina appeared widely dilated with small clumps of electron dense material at the periphery adjoining apical cell membranes with severely flattened or absent microvilli. Electron dense needle-like crystals resembling protoporphyrin were clustered centrally in the lumina. After twelve weeks occasional mitochondria were markedly swollen and contained vacuolated areas. Numerous multivesicular bodies were noted. Mallory bodies were seen in a few duct cells. The spectrum of duct cell changes just noted gives further evidence of extensive liver injury after GF feeding. These changes, in addition to diverse hepatocyte alterations previously reported, constitute morphologic features of GF induced murine porphyria, also common to human porphyria and human alcoholic liver disease.
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PMID:Ultrastructural changes of intrahepatic bile ductules in griseofulvin fed mice. 669 89

The usual histologic pattern in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) includes cellular abnormalities predominantly in the perivenular (zone 3) hepatocytes and changes interpreted as representing regenerative activity in the periportal (zone 1) hepatocytes. Enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies of livers of 12 patients with AVH were undertaken to see whether these features support the concept of regeneration of hepatocytes in zone 1. The swollen hepatocytes in the perivenular areas were hydropic, with dilated or eccentric rough endoplasmic reticulum and decreased or vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum; correspondingly, the glucose-6-phosphatase activity (reflecting, when present, intact and functional endoplasmic reticulum) was markedly decreased. Succinic dehydrogenase and diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activities, representing mitochondrial enzymes, were limited to the perinuclear or pericanalicular cytoplasm of swollen hepatocytes. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was increased. The periportal hydropic hepatocytes were small and arranged in clusters displacing sinusoids. Ultrastructurally, these hepatocytes had nearly normal organelles but scanty smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Activities of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase were weak, although glycogen was abundant. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was scanty in these hepatocytes. These findings from enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic studies could be interpreted as evidence of functional deterioration of perivenular swollen hepatocytes and relative functional immaturity of periportal hydropic clustered hepatocytes, suggesting regeneration of zone 1 hepatocytes.
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PMID:Acute viral hepatitis: morphologic and functional correlations in human livers. 669 43


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