Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.3.5.1 (succinate dehydrogenase)
8,177 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The toxic effects of two metabolic inhibitors, dinitrophenol and iodoacetic acid, were compared. Mouse neuroblastoma cell cultures (Neuro-2a) were exposed to different concentrations of the toxic compounds for 24, 48 and 72 h to study basal toxicity effects (cell proliferation by quantification of total protein content (PR) and relative neutral red uptake (RNRU) by lysosomes). The following biochemical indicators assessed in the in vitro test system were: cytosolic phosphofructokinase (PFK) and enolase (ENL) activities in glycolysis; mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the citric acid cycle; lysosomal beta-galactosidase (GAL) activity; and neuronal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The effects of the two metabolic inhibitors on the various indicators differed. Iodoacetic acid was found to be far more toxic than dinitrophenol to neuroblastoma cell proliferation at 24 h exposure. Though 2,4-dinitrophenol and iodoacetic acid both inhibited cell proliferation of the neuroblastoma cells, their effects on the other endpoints were opposite. Dinitrophenol was a general activator of the metabolism, particularly affecting lysosomal function. Iodoacetic acid did not significantly alter general metabolism, but considerably modified lysosomal function and AChE activity. The modification of lysosomal function of Neuro-2a cells by the two compounds was quite different: dinitrophenol increased RNRU and GAL activity, and iodoacetic acid decreased both parameters.
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PMID:Comparative effects of the metabolic inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol and iodoacetate on mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro. 865 53

The response of different types of skeletal muscle fibers to a snake venom PLA2 myotoxin was tested in vivo by injecting ACL myotoxin (ACLMT) into mice. Both the soleus (slow-twitch) and gastrocnemius (fast-twitch) were examined at different time periods (3 h, 3 and 21 d) after the injection. All animals received 5 mg/kg myotoxin into the subcutaneous lateral region of the right hind limb, near the Achilles tendon; contralateral muscles were used as controls. Cross-sections (10 microm) of frozen muscle tissue were cut from the medial region of the muscle. Alternate serial sections were stained either with toluidine blue or for acid phosphatase, myofibrillar ATPase activity after alkali (pH 10.3) or acid preincubation (pH 4.3), succinate dehydrogenase or acetylcholinesterase. Several stages of necrosis were observed 3 h after ACLMT injection, in both superficial and deep regions of both muscles. In these same regions 3 d after injection, clusters of regenerated muscle fibers were present, and some of them presented AChE activity. Twenty-one days after ACLMT injection the muscle fibers of soleus and gastrocnemius presented only chronic signs of damage such as split fibers and centralized nuclei. Using m-ATPase reactions it was possible to determine that both muscle fiber types I and II were injured in both muscles. The number of type IIC fibers was significantly increased, and the number of type II fibers significantly decreased in the gastrocnemius 21 d after ACLMT injection, suggesting a change in muscle fiber type from type II to type I, through type IIC. The increased number of type IIC fibers and the presence of AChE activity in clusters of regenerating fibers and split fibers indicate that injury by ACLMT produces axonal remodeling and muscle fiber type change.
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PMID:Injury and recovery of fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers affected by ACL myotoxin isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (Broad-Banded copperhead) venom. 969 Jul 94

To relate the improvement of platelet storage in synthetic media with possible structural changes, we conducted serial studies on the membranes of platelets and microparticles shed during platelet storage for up to 5 days at 4 degrees C either in plasma or in Seto solution. Spontaneous microparticle formation proceeded linearly for up to 2 days in both storage media, although the processes seemed to be different because microparticles from Seto solution had a higher lipid/protein ratio than those released in plasma. Microparticles were heterogeneous structures showing beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. After 2-5 days of storage, microparticles contained 60% of total cellular acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were doubly enriched in cholesterol. and showed identical phospholipid profiles but with a decrease in the lipid unsaturation index with respect to fresh platelets. Fluorescence anisotropy studies pointed to a remarkable increase in the deep lipid core fluidity of microparticles during storage of platelets in plasma. With respect to platelets, only those stored in plasma showed significant changes in lipid contents, with a 3-fold decrease in the phospholipid to protein ratio, a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels and a parallel increase in phosphatidylcholine (PC) percentages in their phospholipid profile, together with a significant reduction in the lipid unsaturation index after 1 day of storage. The fluidity of the negatively charged surface of the platelet membranes decreased in platelets stored for 5 days in both media, whereas the fluidity of the membrane deep core was only increased in platelets stored in plasma. These findings suggest that Seto solution permits better storage of platelets for 5 days than plasma and support the notion that lipid peroxidation could play an important role in the structural changes observed.
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PMID:Vesiculation and changes in fluidity and lipid composition of platelet membranes after storage of sheep platelets in plasma or Seto solution. 979 89

The effects of impulse noise (firecrackers at 170 dB SPL, 1, 10, 20 rounds) on auditory cortical response threshold (CRT) and activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the inner ear were studied in 37 guinea pigs. The results showed that extent of damage in the cochlea was related to amount of exposure to the noise. Exposure to 10 rounds resulted in temporal threshold shift (TTS); to 20 rounds the result was permanent threshold shift (PTS). For the period when TTS existed, inverse correlation was noticed between enzyme activity change and CRT shift. The correlation could not be established when PTS was induced. The results suggest that the pathomechanism of PTS was more complex than that of TTS. The significance of the results is discussed.
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PMID:Effects of impulse noise on cortical response threshold and inner ear activity of succinic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase in guinea pigs. 987 Jun 25

Activated sludge is a rich source of nitrogenous matter and has been recommended as cheap supplement in animal feed. It has been incorporated into cattle and poultry feed. It is well known that sewage of purely domestic origin is also contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, and other organic pollutants. A study was undertaken to determine the toxic effects of heavy metal-contaminated domestic sewage sludge on young male Wistar rats by supplementing dehydrated activated sludge in their diet at concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The sludge was found to be contaminated with 1.820 (zinc), 0.273 (nickel), 0.017 (lead), 0.053 (copper), 0.006 (chromium), and 0.005 (cadmium)mg/g of dry sludge, by analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The toxic effects of sludge-supplemented diets on individual groups of rats were assessed by assaying various enzyme activities in serum, liver, muscle, and brain. Levels of serum and liver alanine aminotransferase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly low in all the sludge-supplemented diet-fed (SSDF) rats. Similarly, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle SDH activity were also significantly reduced in the SSDF rats. On the other hand, liver and muscle LDH, serum and liver aspartate aminotransferase, and serum and muscle alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher in all the SSDF animals. Brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly high in all the SSDF groups. This study indicates that even though the sludge is a rich source of nitrogenous matter, its supplementation in poultry and animals feed should be done with caution. Otherwise, the contaminants found in the sludge will biomagnify in the food chain and lead to various toxicological hazards.
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PMID:A study of toxic effects of heavy metal contaminants from sludge-supplemented diets on male Wistar rats. 1005 66

Animal experiments have already shown that neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are not only important for normal functioning of the adult central nervous system (CNS) but are also crucial to its development. However, information on the spatio-temporal distribution of these endogenous substances in the developing human CNS is still scarce. With the use of immunocytochemical staining and a constant supply of properly fixed human abortuses from southern China, an early appearance of acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin, and substance P immunoreactivities was detected first in the spinal cord (weeks 5 to 7 of gestation), then in the brainstem nuclei (weeks 11 to 12). Their overlapping localizations in many regions of the CNS suggest possible interactions among neurons containing these substances, which are in turn important for the proper establishment of the neuronal circuitry. Immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y appeared initially in the lateral region of upper segments of the spinal cord at week 12 of gestation, then spread latero-medially and cranio-caudally to the sacral region. In the hippocampus, neuropeptide Y neurons appeared from week 15 onwards. Serotoninergic neurons were found in the dorsal raphe nucleus at week 10 and then decreased in number as the fetus grew older. Somatostatin releasing inhibitory factor, vasopressin, and oxytocin were detected in the hypothalamus from weeks 12 to 14 onwards, and monoamine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, parvalbumin, calbindin D28K, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found in the visual cortex at midgestation. The early appearance and the abundance of the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the developing CNS indicate that they may play a key role in neuronal differentiation.
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PMID:Early appearance of acetylcholinergic, serotoninergic, and peptidergic neurons and fibers in the developing human central nervous system. 1040 66

Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazine derivatives are neuroleptic drugs of widespread use for clinical situations beyond the realm of psychiatry, such as to control nausea, vomiting and intractable hiccups. The present study investigated in vitro different cytotoxic effects of chlorpromazine in cultures of mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2a exposed to different concentrations of this compound. Indicators assessed were cell proliferation by quantification of total protein content of the cell culture, lysosomal function evaluated by the relative uptake of neutral red cytosolic phosphofructokinase (PFK) and enolase (ENL) activities in glycolysis, mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the citric acid cycle, lysosomal beta-galactosidase (GAL) activity, and neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity. Marked inhibitory effects were found for cell proliferation and relative neutral red uptake; PFK, ENL and GAL activities had no significant differences from control. Stimulation was specifically detected on SDH and the Krebs cycle at concentrations up to 30 microM. Chlorpromazine did not have high toxicity for cytotoxic effects on lysosomes.
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PMID:Biochemical effects of chlorpromazine on mouse neuroblastoma cells. 1050 25

Changes in the catecholamine content in adrenergic fibres, acetylcholinesterase activity, and in the energy metabolism enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in neurons of the gastric intramural plexus during emotional stress in rats a day after combined exposure to prolonged (30 days) ionizing radiation in a total dose 1.0 Gy and 0.6 mg/kg lead were studied. A decrease in catecholamines in adrenergic fibres and acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in neurons was observed. An enhanced sensitivity of the gastric intramural plexus after the prolonged exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation and lead in conditions of emotional stress was suggested.
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PMID:[Structure and functional changes in the gastric intramural nervous plexus in emotionally stressed rats exposed to low doses of long-term ionizing irradiation and lead]. 1057 23

In vivo exposure of Lymnaea acuminata to thymol and [6]-gingerol (active molluscicidal components of Trachyspermum ammi and Zingiber officinale, respectively) indicates that they significantly alter acetylcholinesterase, lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cyto-oxidase activity in the nervous -tissue of snails. In vitro exposure showed that, except for acetylcholinesterase and lactic dehydrogenase, no significant changes were observed in cyto-oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. Sublethal exposure to thymol and [6]-gingerol reduced the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. There was, however, no significant change in the level of 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid (5-HIAA). Thymol and [6]-gingerol thus affects all the known neurotransmission mechanisms in the snail either separately or through a complex interaction between the different neurotransmitters. This may account for their toxicity to snails.
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PMID:Effect of active molluscicidal component of spices on different enzyme activities and biogenic amine levels in the nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata. 1059 32

Over the years from 1992 to 1997, 41 anorectal malformations (ARM) with histopathologic alterations were investigated to determine which morphologic abnormalities of the distal rectum accompany ARMs. Three other cases showed normal neuromuscular morphology; 9 further cases could not be evaluated owing to scanty biopsies. All resected specimens were caudocranially coiled and cryostat cut at -20 degrees C into serial sections, which were stained with a lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, nitroxide synthase, and acetylcholinesterase reaction as well as hemalum and sirius red. Ten low, 15 intermediate, and 10 high forms of anal atresia (AA) were studied. In addition, six cloacal abnormalities were investigated. In 7 cases (17%) (5 intermediate, 2 low AAs), the characteristics of Hirschsprung's disease were observed. Oligoneuronal hypoganglionosis of the myenteric plexus proximal to the anal floor was diagnosed in 7 AAs (12%). In 10 children with high-type AA and resection of 1-5 cm distal rectum and in all cloacal anomalies (n = 6) defects of the muscularis propria were seen in the rectal-atresia sac. These defects were characterized by hypoplasia of the circular-muscle layer and/or the internal anal sphincter (IAS). Intestinal neuronal dysplasia of the submucous plexus was most frequently observed (12%) in high-type AA. A correlation between innervation anomalies or anomalies of the muscularis propria and the type of fistula could not be seen. In conclusion, all cases with high-type AA and cloacal anomalies were characterized by anomalies of the muscularis propria and/or IAS but this was not the case in intermediate and low-type AAs. Anomalies of the enteric nervous system were diagnosed in 60% of AAs.
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PMID:Histopathologic observations of anorectal abnormalities in anal atresia. 1066 24


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