Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.3.5.1 (succinate dehydrogenase)
8,177 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ileofibularis muscle of the turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by light and electron microscopy. Acetylcholinesterase staining showed an "en grappe" type of terminal. The muscle showed succinic dehydrogenase activity with three different types of fibers. The fibers appeared fibrillar type under the electron microscope. Neuromuscular junctions showed the presynaptic portion containing clear vesicles and mitochondria, whereas the postjunctional portion showed only few junctional folds.
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PMID:The structure of the ileofibularis muscle in the turtle Trionyx sinensis. 361 98

A procedure is described for the rapid preparation of nerve ending particles (synaptosomes) from 11 regions of one rat brain. The synaptosomal fractions have been characterized by electron microscopy and determination of four marker enzymes, i.e., glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), acetylcholinesterase, succinate dehydrogenase, and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Comparison with a much lengthier standard (Ficoll-sucrose) preparation showed that the synaptosomal yield of the new procedure was substantially better as judged by both morphological evaluation and protein recovery. The improved synaptosome preparation was used for determination of regional gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in synaptosomal fractions. The postmortem increase in GABA level during removal and dissection of brain tissue and homogenization and fractionation procedures could be minimized by rapid processing of the tissue at low temperatures and inclusion of the GAD inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP; 1 mM) in the homogenizing medium. The addition of GABA (0.2 mM) to the homogenizing medium did not alter the GABA levels in the synaptosomes, indicating that no significant redistribution of GABA occurred during subcellular fractionation in sodium-free media. Synaptosomal GABA levels determined in the 11 rat brain areas showed the same regional distribution as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD. On the basis of these findings, it was suggested that the synaptosome preparation could be used to evaluate the in vivo effects of drugs on nerve terminal GABA. Treatment of rats with a convulsant dose of 3-MP (50 mg/kg i.p.) 3 min before decapitation significantly lowered synaptosomal GABA levels in olfactory bulb, hippocampus, thalamus, tectum, and cerebellum. The 3-MP-induced seizures and reduction of GABA levels could be prevented by administration of valproic acid (200 mg/kg i.p.) 15 min before the 3-MP injection. The data indicate that the improved synaptosome preparation offers a convenient method of preparing highly purified synaptosomes from a large number of small tissue samples and can provide useful information on the in vivo effects of drugs on regional GABA levels in nerve terminals.
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PMID:Improved method for isolating synaptosomes from 11 regions of one rat brain: electron microscopic and biochemical characterization and use in the study of drug effects on nerve terminal gamma-aminobutyric acid in vivo. 392 10

Male Wistar rats exposed to 50, 100 or 300 ppm methyl tertiary-butyl ether vapour for 2-15 weeks, 6 h daily, 5 days a week, showed a dose-dependent blood ether concentration after 2 weeks' exposure. Blood concentrations of tertiary-butanol, were also dose dependent indicating metabolic breakdown of the ether in vivo. The blood ether concentrations decreased after 6 weeks of exposure at the 50 ppm dose level and remained unaffected at higher doses while tertiary-butanol concentrations increased after 6 weeks with all doses, and began to decrease thereafter. Exposure caused a transient increase in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in liver and kidney microsomes, almost no effects on hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentrations and a minor induction of kidney microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. Exposure produced almost no effect on brain succinate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase or acetylcholinesterase activities, while early inhibition of muscle creatine kinase activity was noted, accompanied by increased activity at the end of exposure.
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PMID:Biochemical effects of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in extended vapour exposure of rats. 409 53

Hydroxylamine chloride (0.3 g/l) in drinking water was given to 3-mo-old male Wistar rats for 1 to 63 days. The treatment caused splenomegalia while no effect was noted on the weight gain. Cerebral RNA content was also unaffected whereas slight decrease in the cerebral homogenate and isolated glial cell succinate dehydrogenase activities was found. Creatine kinase activity in the glial cell fractions increased after 63 days. An initial increase in the muscle acetylcholinesterase activity resolved in muscle after 2 wks while increased muscle creatine kinase activity was found throughout the experiment. The splenomegalia might have been caused by methemoglobinemic red cell fragility, an established NH2OH effect, while the neurochemical effects and effects on muscle might have resulted from direct toxicity rather than from the relative hypoxia because of impaired oxygen transport capacity.
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PMID:Neurochemical effects of ingested hydroxylamine. 608 90

Tench (Tinca tinca) were acclimated to either aerated (P02 17.6 KPa) or hypoxic water (P02 1.5 KPa) at 15 degrees C. Fish acclimated to P02 17.6 KPa had a routine oxygen consumption (mls O2/Kg bodyweight/h) of 32.7 in aerated water. Upon acute exposure to Po2 1.5 KPa oxygen consumption decreased to 10.8 and 15.6 in fish acclimated to aerated and hypoxic water, respectively. On the basis of staining for glycogen and for the activities of myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase, three main fibre types can be differentiated in the myotomal muscle. Fibres have been classified as slow, fast aerobic and fast glycolytic. Fast aerobic fibres can be distinguished histochemically by their alkaline-stable Ca2+-activated myofibrillar ATPase activity and their intermediate levels of staining for glycogen and succinic dehydrogenase activity. The patterns of innervation of the fibre types have been investigated by staining neuromuscular endplates and peripheral axons for acetylcholinesterase activity. Motor axons to slow fibres branch extensively giving rise to a number of diffuse endplate formations on the same and adjacent fibres. Fast glycolytic fibres also have a complex pattern of innervation with 8-20 endplates per fibre. A large proportion of the endplates belonged to separate axons. Cross-sectional areas and perimeters of fibres, the number of capillaries/fibre and the lengths of contacts between capillaries and fibres were determined from low-magnification electron micrographs. Acclimation to hypoxia resulted in a decrease in the number of capillaries per fibre for both slow (1.8 to 1.0) and fast (0.8 to 0.2) muscles. The capillary perimeter supplying 1 micrometer 2 of fibre cross-sectional area decreased by 43% and 76% for slow and fast fibres, respectively.
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PMID:Routine oxygen consumption and characteristics of the myotomal muscle in tench: effects of long-term acclimation to hypoxia. 621 53

Involvement of phosphate-activated glutaminase in Huntington's disease and agonal state was investigated in caudate nucleus and frontal cortex from postmortem brains. In Huntington's disease the activities of phosphate-activated glutaminase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, succinic dehydrogenase, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase were significantly reduced in the caudate nucleus, but not in the frontal cortex. The activity of phosphate-activated glutaminase, and to a lesser extent of glutamic acid decarboxylase, was reduced in cases of terminal illness, as compared with cases of sudden death. Succinic dehydrogenase and choline acetyltransferase were reduced only in the few cases of prolonged and severe terminal illness. Enzyme activities of the caudate nucleus were more affected by agonal state than were those of frontal cortex. Results indicate that phosphate-activated glutaminase could be a useful marker of neuronal damage due to agonal state, and that phosphate-activated glutaminase and succinic dehydrogenase are reduced in Huntington's disease.
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PMID:Phosphate-activated glutaminase in relation to Huntington's disease and agonal state. 622 89

The muscle fibers of the cranial slip of M. pectoralis pars thoracica of an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) were studied histochemically for intracellular lipid, succinic dehydrogenase, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, and acetylcholinesterase. It was concluded that the muscle consisted of approximately 28% slow-tonic and 72% fast-twitch glycolytic fibers. The tonic fibers were considered to be characteristic of a postural muscle, and the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers to reflect the inability of the muscle to engage in sustained activity. The general absence of slow-tonic fibers from the pectoralis of other avian species so far studied may be attributed to inadequate sampling of the deeper regions of the muscle.
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PMID:Some histochemical properties of the fiber types in the pectoralis muscle of an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). 623 56

Enzyme histological changes have been studied in several optic projection areas after right optic nerve lesion in goldfish. An increase in acid phosphatase activity was found in the optic tectum, nucleus rotundus, nucleus geniculatus lateralis and area pretectalis between 2 and 15 days postoperatively. The enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADH tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase showed a decrease in activity in all or some of these projection areas. No changes were found in acetylcholinesterase activity after optic nerve lesions. Three weeks postoperatively, all enzyme activities returned to the same level as on the normal side. The results are discussed in relation to possible neurotransmitters in goldfish optic terminals.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical changes in some optic projection areas of the goldfish after optic nerve lesions. 626 19

The adaptation to repeated, alternate normobaric hypoxic and normoxic exposures (12 h/day, for 5 days) and to pharmacological treatment was evaluated by studying the specific activities of some enzymes related to cerebral energy metabolism. Measurements were carried out on (a) the homogenate in toto, (b) the purified mitochondrial fraction, and (c) the crude synaptosomal fraction in different areas of rat brain--cerebral cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The adaptation to intermittent normobaric hypoxic-normoxic exposures was characterized by significant modifications of some enzyme activities in synaptosomes (decrease of cytochrome oxidase activity in the hippocampus, corpus striatum, and cerebellum; decrease of malate dehydrogenase activity in the cerebellum) and in the purified mitochondrial fraction (increase of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the corpus striatum). Daily treatment with three doses of naftidrofuryl (10, 15, and 22.5 mg/kg i.m.) modified some enzyme activities affected or unaffected by intermittent hypoxia and, particularly, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity.
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PMID:Effect of prolonged and intermittent hypoxia on some cerebral enzymatic activities related to energy transduction. 650 47

The dorsal column nucleus of Caiman crocodilus was identified by using standard orthograde techniques to trace the degeneration that resulted from dorsal rhizotomies in brachial and lumbar regions. Although the dorsal column nucleus was difficult to locate in Nissl and fiber preparations, it was easily identified in histochemical material because it stained intensely with succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase.
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PMID:The dorsal column nucleus in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus. 663 41


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