Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.3.1.8 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase)
785 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities (Vmax) of hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, and 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in human skeletal muscles were compared with the in vitro utilization of glucose and palmitic acid assessed under optimal conditions. Statistically significant correlations between substrate fluxes and enzyme activities were found suggesting that the substrate incorporation rate in vitro in some way reflects the capacity of metabolic pathways. The incorporation rate of leucine into muscle proteins was also statistically significantly correlated to the RNA concentration in the muscle tissue. Glycolytic and glycogenolytic enzymes correlated significantly to each other and correlations were also found between aerobic enzymes supporting the validity of constant proportions between certain key enzymes in human skeletal muscles.
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PMID:Incorporation rate of glucose carbon, palmitate carbon and leucine carbon into metabolites in relation to enzyme activities and RNA levels in human skeletal muscles. 17 28

Muscle biopsies were taken from the middle gluteal muscle in 163 healthy Thoroughbreds aged one to six years. The horses were separated according to sex and divided into four different age groups (one, two, three and four to six years). Muscle biopsies were analysed for fibre type (I, IIA and IIB), and the enzyme activities of citrate synthase, 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and hexokinase were measured. The percentage of Type I fibres of all horses increased with age, irrespective of sex (from 9 to 16 per cent). The percentage of Type IIA fibres varied with age and sex, increasing in stallions from 34 to 53 per cent and in mares from 27 to 45 per cent, respectively. Correspondingly, the proportion of Type IIB fibres decreased with age and differed between sexes (stallions from 56 to 29 per cent and mares from 65 to 40 per cent) Muscle oxidative capacity increased with age as indicated by significant increases in the activities of citrate synthase (from 32 to 67 mmol/kg/min) and 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (from 20 to 34 mmol/kg/min). The activity of hexokinase increased with age (from 2.4 to 4.8 mmol/kg/min), whereas the activity of lactate dehydrogenase decreased (from 1,754 to 1,444 mmol/kg/min). No differences were seen between stallions and mares in enzyme activities. This study shows that age is one factor influencing enzyme activities, the percentage of Type I fibres and the Type IIA/IIB ratio in M. gluteus medius of Thoroughbreds, and that stallions have a higher Type IIA/IIB ratio compared with mares.
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PMID:Muscle characteristics in Thoroughbreds of different ages and sexes. 188 91

Five Standardbred trotters were trained on a treadmill 3 times/wk for 12 wk by intervals of draft-loaded exercise. The draft load was 34 kp and the velocity approximately 7 m/s. Muscle biopsies were taken from the gluteus medius and longissimus muscles before training and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk of training and from the brachiocephalicus muscle before and after training. Both the percentage and the area of type IIa fibers increased and the percentage of type IIb fibers decreased in the gluteus medius muscle during the first 2 wk of training, and then no further significant difference was noted. The percentage of type I fibers increased in the brachiocephalicus muscle, and the area of type IIb fibers increased in the longissimus muscle. The citrate synthase activity increased in the gluteus muscle only, and the increase was seen during the first 2 wk. No significant differences were seen in 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the muscles during the entire training period. Less glycogen was utilized in the gluteus muscle and less blood lactate accumulated when the horses performed an unloaded submaximal exercise test after compared with before training. It can be concluded that rapid changes are induced in the gluteus medius muscle when horses are trained pulling a light-draft resistance at a submaximal trotting speed.
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PMID:Effects of a draft-loaded interval-training program on skeletal muscle in the horse. 279 58

A morphometric analysis was performed on horse muscle tissue to quantify mitochondrial distribution relative to capillaries. Samples of M. vastus medialis, M. semitendinosus, M. masseter and M. cutaneus thoracicus were preserved in a glutaraldehyde fixative for electron microscopy, or frozen for biochemical and histochemical analysis. These four muscles varied from highly oxidative in type, consisting nearly completely of type I fibres, in masseter, to highly glycolytic, primarily type IIb fibres, in cutaneus. In all four muscles, mitochondria were found in highest volume density near capillaries at the fibre border, with a sharp decline in volume density towards the fibre centre. This distribution was independent of myoglobin concentration, muscle fibre type and the activities of three key metabolic enzymes, citrate synthase, 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase.
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PMID:The similarity of mitochondrial distribution in equine skeletal muscles of differing oxidative capacity. 320 68

Seven middle-aged men with manifest type II diabetes mellitus underwent an endurance training programme for 10-15 weeks. The maximal aerobic capacity, as well as the endurance capacity, was improved by 10% (p less than 0.05). The intramuscular glycogen store increased by more than 80% (p less than 0.05) from 350 mumol/g dw (dry weight), and the activities of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased by more than 50% (p less than 0.05) and 30% (p less than 0.05). The activity of glycogen synthase was decreased by approximately 20% (p less than 0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Capillaries/fibre and fibre area increased by more than 50% (p less than 0.05) and 30% (p less than 0.05) leaving the area of supply constant. Training did not influence fasting blood lipids and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin response to an oral glucose load measured 72 hours post-exercise. It is concluded that patients with manifest type II diabetes, as normoglycaemic individuals, adapt to physical training. However, no persistent effect on glucohomeostasis and lipaemia is produced by short-term training in the diabetic patients.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle adaptations to physical training in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. 336 17

In 12 patients with paramyotonia congenita, percutaneous needle biopsies from the brachial biceps muscle were performed. Muscle fibre area, distribution of muscle fibre types I, II-A and II-B and capillarization were not different from healthy controls. Signs of myopathy with central nuclei in the muscle cells were noted in 9 of the patients. 4 of these patients also had small areas with degeneration and, in one, vacuoles were observed. Quantitative determination of muscle glycogen, water and protein content were within normal range as were enzyme activities for hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle in paramyotonia congenita: biochemistry, histochemistry and morphology. 397 54

Chronic indirect stimulation (10 Hz) was performed on rabbit tibialis anterior muscle. Long-term stimulation (52-140 days) produced a transformation of the fast tibialis anterior into a slow red muscle as judged from the histochemistry of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase, the pattern of myosin light chains and the thorough rearrangement of the enzyme activity pattern of energy metabolism. Activity levels of citrate synthetase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined quantitatively by either microbiochemical assays (CS, MDH, HAD and LDH) on microdissected, single fibres or by kinetic microphotometry on cross-sectioned fibres (SDH). The activity profiles of these enzymes displayed pronounced scattering in the fibre population of the unstimulated muscle. Despite a several fold increase in the activities of CS, MDH, SDH and HAD and a pronounced decrease in LDH, chronic stimulation failed to abolish the metabolic heterogeneity of the fibre population. It is possible that chronic indirect stimulation cannot produce uniformity of fibres because of continuing diverse natural activity of the motor units.
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PMID:Effects of chronic stimulation on the metabolic heterogeneity of the fibre population in rabbit tibialis anterior muscle. 674 46

The effect of sprint training and detraining on supramaximal performances was studied in relation to muscle enzyme adaptations in eight students trained four times a week for 9 weeks on a cycle ergometer. The subjects were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), maximal aerobic power (MAP) and maximal short-term power output (Wmax) before and after training and after 7 weeks of detraining. During these periods, biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis muscle for the determination of creatine kinase (CK), adenylate kinase (AK), glycogen phosphorylase (PHOS), hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isozymes, 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) and citrate synthase (CS) activities. Training induced large improvements in Wmax (28%) with slight increases (3%) in VO2peak (P < 0.10). This was associated with a greater glycolytic potential as shown by higher activities for PHOS (9%), PFK (17%) and LDH (31%) after training, without changes in CK and oxidative markers (CS and HAD). Detraining induced significant decreases in VO2peak (4%), MAP (5%) and oxidative markers (10-16%), while Wmax and the anaerobic potential were maintained at a high level. This suggests a high level in supramaximal power output as a result of a muscle glycogenolytic and glycolytic adaptation. A long interruption in training has negligible effects on short-sprint ability and muscle anaerobic potential. On the other hand, a persistent training stimulus is required to maintain high aerobic capacity and muscle oxidative potential. This may contribute to a rapid return to competitive fitness for sprinters and power athletes.
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PMID:Enzyme adaptations of human skeletal muscle during bicycle short-sprint training and detraining. 942 50

To examine the effects of unweighting on the structural and metabolic adaptations of a non-postural muscle, deltoideus muscle biopsies were taken in seven male healthy subjects, before and after a 37 day bedrest. Myofibrillar ATPase histochemistry demonstrated no change in fibre type distributions (I, IIA, IIB), in fibre cross-sectional areas nor in capillary supply. No difference was noted in enzyme activities of oxidative metabolism (citrate synthase, 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase), and glycolysis (hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase). Electron microscopy showed a decrease in the volume density of lipids but no change in mitochondrial volume density and distribution. The results indicate that bedrest induces no major morphological and biochemical changes in deltoideus muscle, contrary to what was previously reported in vastus lateralis muscle. This lack of changes is probably related to an unaltered deltoideus muscle use.
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PMID:Effects of bedrest on deltoideus muscle morphology and enzymes. 955 Feb 25

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism produced by a newly devised short training programme. Five young male volunteers trained daily for 2 weeks on a cycle ergometer. Sessions consisted of 15-s all-out repetitions with 45-s rest periods, plus 30-s all-out repetitions with 12-min rest periods. The number of repetitions was gradually increased up to a maximum of seven. Biopsy samples of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken before and after training. Performance changes were evaluated by two tests, a 30-s all-out test and a maximal progressive test. Significant increases in phosphocreatine (31%) and glycogen (32%) were found at the end of training. In addition, a significant increase was observed in the muscle activity of creatine kinase (44%), phosphofructokinase (106%), lactate dehydrogenase (45%), 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (60%) and citrate synthase (38%). After training, performance of the 30-s all-out test did not increase significantly, while in the maximal progressive test, the maximum oxygen consumption increased from mean (SD) 57.3 (2.6) ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) to 63.8 (3.0) ml min(-1) x kg(-1), and the maximum load from 300 (11) W to 330 (21) W; all changes were significant. In conclusion, this new protocol, which utilises short durations, high loads and long recovery periods, seems to be an effective programme for improving the enzymatic activities of the energetic pathways in a short period of time.
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PMID:A short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. 1098 4


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