Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.2.7.5 (AOR)
 1,763 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A survey was carried out in 2 drug use treatment centres (TCs) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess risk behaviours, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections/blood-borne infections (STIs/BBIs). Two hundred and twenty-five drug users (195 males and 30 females) were interviewed and clinically examined, and their blood and urine were tested for STIs/BBIs. Prevalences (%) for these infections were as follows--HIV: 0.9, hepatitis B virus (HBV): 14.7, hepatitis C virus (HCV): 5.8, syphilis: 5.3, gonorrhoea/chlamydia (CT/NG): 4.7. In bivariate analyses CT/NG infection was associated with younger age (P=0.003); current genitourinary symptoms (odds ratio [OR]=6.2) and a mainly illegal source of income (OR=9.1). Hepatitis C infection was associated with a history of ever having injected any drug (OR=19.6), and with each one of the injected drugs. After multiple logistic regression, lower educational level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.70) and 'ever having injected drugs' (AOR=3.69) remained as independent risk factors for hepatitis B infection. In conclusion, TCs must implement programmes directed towards the prevention of STIs/BBIs.
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PMID:Sexual behaviour and infection rates for HIV, blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections among patients attending drug treatment centres in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 1087 12

A large seroepidemiologic and genotyping study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was conducted in Lima, Peru, during the periods of 1986 to 1993 (cohort A) and 1994 (cohort B). Anti-HCV seroprevalence rates were 15.6% (216 of 1,389) and 11.7% (168 of 1,438), respectively. Low rates were seen among volunteer blood donors (1.1% and 0.8%). Anti-HCV rates were much higher among patients undergoing hemodialysis (43.7% and 59.3%), hemophiliacs (60.0% and 83.3%), in those more than 39 years old (18.2% and 26.0%), in females (25.0% and 27.4%), and in less-educated persons (16.9%). Age- and gender-adjusted risk factors in cohort B included blood transfusion history (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 29.8), prior organ transplantation (AOR = 9.1) or a history of hepatitis (AOR = 4.9), previous hospitalization (AOR = 3.7), a history of intravenous drug use (AOR = 3.5), prior major surgery (AOR = 2.6), a history of acupuncture (AOR = 2.1), previous dental procedures (AOR = 1.2), and prior medical injections (AOR = 1.04). The most prevalent HCV genotype was type 1 (86%), followed by type 3 (10%) and type 2 (2%). Transmission through unsafe injection-related and medical/dental procedures appears to play an important role in HCV infection among Peruvians.
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PMID:Hepatitis C in Peru: risk factors for infection, potential iatrogenic transmission, and genotype distribution. 1142 71

Among injection drug users (IDUs), those at highest risk for HIV infection include Latinos, young women, and young men who have sex with men (homosexual men). We examined how HIV infection prevalence is affected by gender and sexual orientation among young Latino IDUs in New York City. We used baseline data from a cohort study of young (18-30 years) IDUs in Harlem, New York City, conducted from 1997 through 1999. Participants were asked about drug use and sexual behaviors, and blood was taken for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viral antibody testing. Of 156 participants who self-identified as Latino, 145 (94%) were Puerto Rican. Overall, 101 (65%) were heterosexual men, 11 (7%) were men who have sex with men (MSM), 32 (20%) were heterosexual women, and 12 (8%) were women who have sex with women (WSW). Of the whole cohort, 17 (11%) were HIV positive. HIV infection rates were higher among WSW (42%, p < 0.05), heterosexual women (16%, p < 0.05), and homosexual men (18%, p = 0.09) than heterosexual men (5%). Compared with heterosexual men, homosexual men were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to have received money or drugs for sex (64% versus 33%), and WSW were significantly more likely to have had unprotected sex with an IDU 5 years or more older (50% versus 16%). Multivariate analysis showed being a WSW (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 8.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78-42.26) and having unprotected sex with an older IDU (AOR = 7.01, 95% CI 2.23-21.96) to be associated with HIV infection. Sexual transmission may account for many HIV infections among young Latino IDUs. The high prevalence of HIV infection among WSW may, in part, be due to their having unprotected sex with older men, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this.
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PMID:Sexual orientation and HIV infection prevalence among young Latino injection drug users in Harlem. 1144 28

This prospective multicenter study evaluated separately the significance of maternal injection drug use (IDU) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection in vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). In all, 1372 consecutive, unselected HCV antibody-positive mothers and their infants were studied. Maternal HIV-1 coinfection (crude odds ratios [OR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.66; P =.007) and IDU (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.37-1.78; P <.00001) were linked to mother-to-child HCV transmission in unadjusted analysis when all anti-HCV-positive mothers were evaluated. When only HCV RNA-positive mothers were evaluated, maternal IDU, but not maternal HIV-1 coinfection, was significantly associated with mother-to-child HCV transmission. Multivariable analysis confirmed the link between maternal IDU and HCV transmission (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.19-1.92; P =.0006), but no association was found with HIV-1 coinfection (AOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.73-1.33; P =.93). IDU, but not HIV-1 coinfection, seems to be a preeminent risk factor for vertical HCV transmission.
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PMID:Maternal drug use is a preeminent risk factor for mother-to-child hepatitis C virus transmission: results from a multicenter study of 1372 mother-infant pairs. 1259 64

Access to clean needles and syringes through needle exchange programs (NEPs) has reduced both high-risk behaviors and the transmission of blood-borne infections among injection drug users (IDUs). However, policies regarding "needle-for-needle" exchange versus unrestricted needle distribution remain controversial. The objective of this study was to compare sources of needles, trends in needle distribution, and the practice of satellite needle distribution (SND) among IDUs in Vancouver and Montreal. SND was defined as receiving a new syringe from another individual through trading, purchasing, borrowing, or being given the syringe outright, or supplying a syringe to another individual through trading, selling, lending, or giving a syringe outright. This was practiced by 46% of IDUs in Vancouver and 50% of IDUs in Montreal. SND was associated with borrowing used injection equipment (adjusted OR [AOR], 2.62; 95% CI: 1.85-3.71), conducting bulk needle exchanges (AOR, 1.85; 95% CI: 1.34-2.54), being married or in a common-law relationship (AOR, 1.85; 95% CI: 1.34-2.54), and regular visits to the NEP (> weekly) (AOR, 1.54; 95% CI: 1.17-2.13). In Vancouver, SND was also associated with borrowing used needles (AOR, 2.07; 95% CI: 1.22-3.52). In these two cities, despite different distribution policies, almost half of the participants reported SND, and this was associated with high risk sharing. The practice of SND appears to be an important mechanism for needle acquisition, especially for those at highest risk for HIV and hepatitis C transmission.
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PMID:Satellite needle distribution among injection drug users: policy and practice in two canadian cities. 1235 56

To determine whether health-care use was associated with prevalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Chennai, India, 1,947 adults from 30 slum communities were randomly selected to be interviewed about parenteral and sexual risks for HCV infection and to provide biological specimens for HCV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Prevalent HCV infection was detected in 2.4% of non-injection drug using (IDU) participants. Controlling for other associated factors, and excluding IDU, men who used informal health-care providers were five times as likely to be HCV infected as those who did not use informal providers (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 5.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.57, 21.6), a finding not detected in women. More research is needed to determine the extent to which HCV infection is associated with reuse of contaminated injection equipment in health-care settings in developing countries.
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PMID:The association of health-care use and hepatitis C virus infection in a random sample of urban slum community residents in southern India. 1264 22

To determine the association between sexual exposure and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in urban Chennai, India, a random sample of adults who live in a slum community completed interviews and provided samples to test for HCV, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). All analyses excluded recent and current injection drug users. HCV infection was not associated with the reported number of sex partners for men or women. Women were more likely to be HCV infected if they reported previous genital ulcer disease (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.88; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.94-16.0; marginally statistically significant). Men were more likely to be HCV infected if they were HSV-2 infected (AOR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.18-12.6) or reported having had sex with men (AOR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.00-13.1). Sexual transmission of HCV infection may be facilitated by ulcerative STIs and male-male sexual practices, but it appears to occur infrequently in this population.
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PMID:Association of hepatitis C virus infection with sexual exposure in southern India. 1290 35

Between June 1994 and February 2003, a total of 111 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection and 387 HIV-infected patients without HBV or hepatitis C virus coinfection were prospectively observed to assess the impact of HBV infection on outcomes of HIV-infected patients. After a median duration of observation of 25 months, coinfected patients were more likely to develop hepatitis (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69-3.82) and hepatic decompensation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 9.94; 95% CI, 1.89-52.35). Although similar proportions of the 2 patient groups had an increase in the CD4 count by > or =100x10(6) cells/L (AOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.45-1.36) and development of new opportunistic illnesses (AOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.53-1.66), HBV-infected patients had an increased risk for virologic failure (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.03-2.99) and death (AHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.19-2.47) after highly active antiretroviral therapy was initiated.
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PMID:Impact of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on outcomes of patients infected with HIV in an area where HBV infection is hyperendemic. 1515 87

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have shown to enhance the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to be more common among female commercial sex workers (FSWs). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 625 FSWs in six cities of Argentina in 2000-2002. The seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II, and syphilis was 3.2%, 14.4%, 4.3%, 1.6%, and 45.7%, respectively. Syphilis was associated with older age (>/= 30 years, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.6 to 4.9), >/= 10 years in sex work (AOR = 2.2), use of illegal drugs (AOR = 2.1), and a prior history of an STI (AOR = 3.0). HBV and syphilis was the most common co-infection in 44 (7.5%) subjects. FSWs in Argentina are exposed to HIV and other STIs due to high-risk sexual and illegal drug use behavior. Renewed efforts are necessary to intervene effectively in this high-risk population.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female commercial sex workers in Argentina. 1647 76

This study explores factors associated with early adolescent (aged < or = 16 years) initiation into injection drug use among young (< or = 29 years) injection drug users (IDUs). Data were collected through the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study (VIDUS). Since 1996, 542 participants aged 29 years and younger have been enrolled and followed. In total, 205 (38%) young participants were initiated at age 16 years or younger. The proportion of young initiators was greater among: females, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-2.44); sex workers, AOR: 1.61 (CI: 1.11-2.31); binge drug users, AOR: 1.45 (CI: 1.01-2.08); and those who have been in juvenile detention or jail, AOR: 1.78 (CI: 1.16-2.66). Early initiates were more likely to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), OR: 2.6 (CI: 1.3-5.0) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), OR: 2.6 (CI: 1.3-5.0). Targeted early interventions are required, specifically designed for and in collaboration with girls and young women.
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PMID:Factors associated with early adolescent initiation into injection drug use: implications for intervention programs. 1654 14


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