Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle including ribulose-diphosphate carboxylase, ribulose-5-phosphate kinase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline fructose-1,6-diphos-phatase were shown to be present in autotrophically grown Rhodospirillum rubrum. Enzyme levels were measured in this organism grown photo- and dark heterotrophically as well. Several, but not all, of these enzymes appeared to be under metabolic control, mediated by exogenous carbon and nitrogen compounds. Light had no effect on the presence or levels of any of these enzymes in this photosynthetic bacterium. The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and enolase were shown to be present in R. rubrum cultured aerobically, autotrophically, or photoheterotrophically, both in cultures evolving hydrogen and under conditions where hydrogen evolution is not observed. Light had no clearly demonstrable effect on the presence or levels of any of these enzymes.
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PMID:Photosynthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum. 3. Metabolic control of reductive pentose phosphate and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. 604 59

The contribution of defective energy metabolism to the induction of neuronal pathology by p-bromophenylacetylurea (BPAU) was examined in several ways. It was found that a saturated aqueous solution of BPAU had no effect on the activity of crystalline glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or phosphofructokinase (PFK). In rats with total hindlimb paralysis from treatment with BPAU (400 mg/kg), the endogenous GAPDH and PFK of sciatic nerve showed normal activity. Endogenous enolase and nerve-specific enolase activities were likewise unaffected. Consequently, it appeared improbable that BPAU neuropathy involves impaired glycolysis. This conclusion was supported by the failure to prevent hindlimb weakness by feeding pyruvate, a substrate for the Krebs cycle. To test for interference with glycolysis at other steps, or for an impairment in oxidative phosphorylation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate were measured. The amounts of high energy phosphates in nerves of paralyzed animals were found to be the same as in nerves of untreated and vehicle-treated controls. A similar observation was made in nerves regenerating from a crush injury. To test turnover, ATP and creatine phosphate were measured in nerves exposed to an N2 atmosphere in vitro. Since the high energy phosphates disappeared at the same rates in all groups, it was concluded that BPAU neuropathy does not alter energy utilization. In our view, BPAU neuropathy arises by a mechanism that does not depend on altered energy metabolism.
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PMID:Unimpaired energy metabolism in experimental neuropathy induced by p-bromophenylacetylurea. 610 Apr 57

Red cell enzymes, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), were evaluated in a 23-mo-old boy with juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia (JCML) at the onset of his illness and 6 mo later during the accelerated phase. The activities of the age-dependent red cell enzymes, hexokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were elevated, as were the concentrations of red cell 2,3-DPG and ATP, consistent with a young red cell population metabolizing at an increased glycolytic rate. The activities of the non-age-dependent enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), phosphoglycerate kinase, and enolase, were also increased to levels similar to or greater than those observed in term infants. As the illness progressed, the activity of red cell G3PD increased further, and phosphoglucose isomerase activity increased markedly. These results are consistent with the prior suggestion that JCML represents a reversion to "fetal" erythropoiesis.
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PMID:Fetal erythropoiesis in juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia. 622 20

Segments of yeast genomic DNA containing two enolase structural genes have been isolated by subculture cloning procedures using a cDNA hybridization probe synthesized from purified yeast enolase mRNA. Based on restriction endonuclease and transcriptional maps of these two segments of yeast DNA, each hybrid plasmid contains a region of extensive nucleotide sequence homology which forms hybrids with the cDNA probe. The DNA sequences which flank this homologous region in the two hybrid plasmids are nonhomologous indicating that these sequences are nontandemly repeated in the yeast genome. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding as well as the flanking noncoding regions of these genes has been determined. The amino acid sequence predicted from one reading frame of both structural genes is extremely similar to that determined for yeast enolase (Chin, C. C. Q., Brewer, J. M., Eckard, E., and Wold, F. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1370-1376), confirming that these isolated structural genes encode yeast enolase. The nucleotide sequences of the coding regions of the genes are approximately 95% homologous, and neither gene contains an intervening sequence. Codon utilization in the enolase genes follows the same biased pattern previously described for two yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structural genes (Holland, J. P., and Holland, M. J. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2596-2605). DNA blotting analysis confirmed that the isolated segments of yeast DNA are colinear with yeast genomic DNA and that there are two nontandemly repeated enolase genes per haploid yeast genome. The noncoding portions of the two enolase genes adjacent to the initiation and termination codons are approximately 70% homologous and contain sequences thought to be involved in the synthesis and processing messenger RNA. Finally there are regions of extensive homology between the two enolase structural genes and two yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structural genes within the 5- noncoding portions of these glycolytic genes.
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PMID:The primary structures of two yeast enolase genes. Homology between the 5' noncoding flanking regions of yeast enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. 625 94

In order to evaluate properly red cell metabolic data obtained in newborns with congenital hemolytic disorders, the unique metabolic characteristics and normal developmental changes that occur prenatally and postnatally are presented. The age-dependent red cell glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and most glycolytic intermediates are elevated at birth and at 11 to 12 months of age, consistent with the presence of a young red cell population the entire first year of life. However, certain red cell enzymes are elevated out of proportion to the age of the red cell population [phosphoglucose isomerase. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and enolase (ENO)] whereas others are decreased [phosphofructokinase (PFK), glutathione peroxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and others]. These metabolic characteristics are felt to be unique and representative of "fetal erythropoiesis." Activities of PGK and ENO decrease the PFK increases toward normal adult values beginning at eight to nine weeks of age. The concentration of glucose-6-phosphate steadily increases after birth and peaks at three to four weeks of age, at a time when PFK activity remains relatively unchanged, suggesting a relative block in glycolysis at the PFK step secondary to an enzyme with both decreased activity and altered kinetic properties (a "fetal" isozyme). Thus, evaluation of red cell enzyme and glycolytic intermediate data obtained in the first year of life should be related to the knowledge that a young red cell population is present and the characteristic unique metabolic red cell alterations described in cord blood persist beyond the immediate neonatal period.
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PMID:Red cell enzymopathies in the newborn. I. Evaluation of red cell metabolism. 628 May 78

The in vitro effects of the neurotoxic compounds, acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione, on several glycolytic enzymes including enolase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied in rat brain. A differential sensitivity of the enzymes to the inhibitory effects of the neurotoxins was observed. The order of increasing sensitivity to 2,5-hexanedione was enolase -- GAPDH -- PFK and to acrylamide the order was PFK -- enolase -- GAPDH. Neither neurotoxin inhibited LDH. The inhibition of enolase by acrylamide exhibited a mixed type pattern in double reciprocal plots. The inhibition could be completely reversed by dialysis indicating that it did not involve covalent bond formation. In the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) or glutathione the inhibition of enolase by either acrylamide or 2,5-hexanedione was potentiated. Activity of enolase inhibited by both acrylamide and DTT could not be restored to pre-inhibition rates following dialysis indicating that an irreversible interaction between acrylamide and enolase had taken place. The results suggest that neurotoxic compounds which produce distal axonopathies have a common pattern of attack on glycolytic enzymes and that interruption of glycolysis is the underlying biochemical basis for both the physiological and morphological damage caused by these compounds.
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PMID:The etiology of toxic peripheral neuropathies: in vitro effects of acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione on brain enolase and other glycolytic enzymes. 644 65

Genomic DNA containing a third yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structural gene has been isolated on a bacterial plasmid designated pgap11. The complete nucleotide sequence of this structural gene was determined. The gene contains no intervening sequences, codon usage is highly biased, and the nucleotide sequence of the coding portion of this gene is 90% homologous to the other two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes (Holland, J. P., and Holland, M. J. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2596-2605). Based on the extent of nucleotide sequence divergence among the three glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes, it is likely that they arose as a consequence of two duplication events and the gene contained on the hybrid plasmid designated pgap11 is a product of the first duplication event. All three structural genes share extensive nucleotide sequence homology in the 5'-noncoding regions adjacent to the three respective translational initiation codons. The gene contained on pgap11 is not homologous to the others downstream from the respective translational termination codon, however. The 5' termini of messenger RNAs synthesized from the three glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and two yeast enolase genes have been mapped to sites ranging from 36 to 82 nucleotides upstream from the respective translational initiation codons. In each case the 5' terminus of the mRNA maps to a region of strong nucleotide sequence homology which is shared by all five structural genes. These latter data confirm that all five structural genes are expressed during vegetative cell growth and further support the hypothesis that a portion of the 5'-noncoding flanking region of the yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and enolase genes evolved from a common precursor sequence.
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PMID:Homologous nucleotide sequences at the 5' termini of messenger RNAs synthesized from the yeast enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene families. The primary structure of a third yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. 683

The GCR1 gene product is required for maximal transcription of yeast glycolytic genes and for growth of yeast strains in media containing glucose as a carbon source. Dominant mutations in two genes, SGC1 and SGC2, as well as recessive mutations in the SGC5 gene were identified as suppressors of the growth and transcriptional defects caused by a gcr1 null mutation. The wild-type and mutant alleles of SGC1 were cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence of the SGC1 gene product includes a region with substantial similarity to the basic-helix-loop-helix domain of the Myc family of DNA-binding proteins. The SGC1-1 dominant mutant allele contained a substitution of glutamine for a highly conserved glutamic acid residue within the putative basic DNA binding domain. A second dominant mutant, SGC1-2, contained a valine-for-isoleucine substitution within the putative loop region. The SGC1-1 dominant mutant suppressed the GCR1 requirement for enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, and pyruvate kinase gene expression. Expression of the yeast enolase genes was reduced three- to fivefold in strains carrying an sgc1 null mutation, demonstrating that SGC1 is required for maximal enolase gene expression. Expression of the enolase genes in strains carrying gcr1 and sgc1 double null mutations was substantially less than observed for strains carrying either null mutation alone, suggesting that GCR1 and SGC1 function on parallel pathways to activate yeast glycolytic gene expression.
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PMID:The GCR1 requirement for yeast glycolytic gene expression is suppressed by dominant mutations in the SGC1 gene, which encodes a novel basic-helix-loop-helix protein. 773 44

To investigate whether the energy derived from glycolysis is functionally coupled to Ca2+ active transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), we determined whether glycolytic enzymes were associated with SR membranes and whether metabolism through these enzymes was capable of supporting 45Ca transport. Sealed right-side-out SR vesicles were isolated by step sucrose gradient from rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscle. Intravesicular 45Ca transport was measured after the addition of glycolytic substrates and cofactors specific for each of the glycolytic reactions being studied or after the addition of exogenous ATP and was expressed as transport sensitive to the specific Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. We found that the entire chain of glycolytic enzymes from aldolase onward, including aldolase, GAPDH, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase (PK), was associated with SR vesicles from both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Iodoacetic acid, an inhibitor of GAPDH, eliminated 45Ca transport supported by fructose-1,6-diphosphate, the substrate for aldolase, but transport was completely restored by phosphoenolpyruvate (the substrate for PK), indicating that both of the ATP-producing glycolytic enzymes, GAPDH/PGK and PK, were associated with the SR and functionally capable of providing ATP for the Ca2+ pump. Addition of a soluble hexokinase ATP trap eliminated 45Ca transport fueled by exogenous ATP but had markedly less effect on 45Ca transport supported by endogenously produced ATP (via glycolysis). Similarly, at very low concentrations of ATP and ADP (10 to 50 nmol/L), ATP that was produced endogenously from ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate supported 15-fold more 45Ca transport than ATP that was supplied exogenously at the same concentration. These results are consistent with functional coupling of glycolytic ATP to Ca2+ transport and support the hypothesis that ATP generated by SR-associated glycolytic enzymes may play an important role in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis by driving the SR Ca2+ pump.
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PMID:Functional coupling between glycolysis and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport. 778 86

We propose that arginine side chains often play a previously unappreciated general structural role in the maintenance of tertiary structure in proteins, wherein the positively charged guanidinium group forms multiple hydrogen bonds to backbone carbonyl oxygens. Using as a criterion for a "structural" arginine one that forms 4 or more hydrogen bonds to 3 or more backbone carbonyl oxygens, we have used molecular graphics to locate arginines of interest in 4 proteins: Arg 180 in Thermus thermophilus manganese superoxide dismutase, Arg 254 in human carbonic anhydrase II, Arg 31 in Streptomyces rubiginosus xylose isomerase, and Arg 313 in Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Arg 180 helps to mold the active site channel of superoxide dismutase, whereas in each of the other enzymes the structural arginine is buried in the "mantle" (i.e., inside, but near the surface) of the protein interior well removed from the active site, where it makes 5 hydrogen bonds to 4 backbone carbonyl oxygens. Using a more relaxed criterion of 3 or more hydrogen bonds to 2 or more backbone carbonyl oxygens, arginines that play a potentially important structural role were found in yeast enolase, Bacillus stearothermophilus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, bacteriophage T4 and human lysozymes, Enteromorpha prolifera plastocyanin, HIV-1 protease, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and yeast triosephosphate isomerases, and Escherichia coli trp aporepressor (but not trp repressor or the trp repressor/operator complex).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A structural role for arginine in proteins: multiple hydrogen bonds to backbone carbonyl oxygens. 800 72


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