Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals (especially superoxide and hydroxyl radical) and high-energy oxidants (such as peroxynitrite) as mediators of inflammation, shock, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The aim of this review is to describe recent developments in the field of oxidative stress research. The first part of the review focuses on the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The second part of the review deals with the novel findings using recently identified pharmacological tools (e.g., peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts and selective superoxide dismutase mimetics (SODm) in shock, ischemia/reperfusion, and inflammation. 1) The role of ROS consists of immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence that demonstrates the production of ROS in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. ROS can initiate a wide range of toxic oxidative reactions. These include initiation of lipid peroxidation, direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibition of membrane sodium/potassium ATPase activity, inactivation of membrane sodium channels, and other oxidative modifications of proteins. All these toxicities are likely to play a role in the pathophysiology of shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion. 2) Treatment with either peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts, which selectively inhibit peroxynitrite, or with SODm, which selectively mimic the catalytic activity of the human superoxide dismutase enzymes, have been shown to prevent in vivo the delayed vascular decompensation and the cellular energetic failure associated with shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. ROS (e.g., superoxide, peroxynitrite, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide) are all potential reactants capable of initiating DNA single-strand breakage, with subsequent activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, leading to eventual severe energy depletion of the cells and necrotic-type cell death. Antioxidant treatment inhibits the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase and prevents the organ injury associated with shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion.
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PMID:Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. 1117 43

We tested the hypothesis that short-term exercise (STEx) training and the associated increase in pulmonary blood flow during bouts of exercise cause enhanced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in porcine pulmonary arteries and increased expression of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) protein. Mature, female Yucatan miniature swine exercised 1 h twice daily on a motorized treadmill for 1 wk (STEx group, n = 7); control pigs (Sed, n = 6) were kept in pens. Pulmonary arteries were isolated from the left caudal lung lobe, and vasomotor responses were determined in vitro. Arterial tissue from the distal portion of this pulmonary artery was processed for immunoblot analysis. Maximal endothelium-dependent (ACh-stimulated) relaxation was greater in STEx (71 +/- 5%) than in Sed (44 +/- 6%) arteries (P < 0.05), and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside-mediated) responses did not differ. Sensitivity to ACh was not altered by STEx training. Immunoblot analysis indicated a 3.9-fold increase in eNOS protein in pulmonary artery tissue from STEx pigs (P < 0.05) with no change in SOD-1 or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein levels. We conclude that STEx training enhances ACh-stimulated vasorelaxation in pulmonary arterial tissue and that this adaptation is associated with increased expression of eNOS protein.
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PMID:Short-term exercise training increases ACh-induced relaxation and eNOS protein in porcine pulmonary arteries. 1118 26

Adrenomedullin (AM) has vasodilator and diuretic actions, similarly to natriuretic peptides. AM receptor complexes are composed of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor-activity modifying protein-2 (RAMP2), or CRLR and RAMP3. We aimed to know whether gene expression of AM and AM receptor complexes are regulated in kidneys under pathophysiological conditions. Expression of AM, RAMP2, RAMP3 and CRLR mRNA was studied in the remnant kidney of rats with renal mass ablation using competitive quantitative RT-PCR techniques. Partial cloning was performed to determine the rat RAMP3 nucleotide sequence. In normal rat kidneys, expression levels of RAMP2, RAMP3, CRLR and AM mRNAs were 26.5 +/- 1.9 mmol/mole of GAPDH, 7.7 +/- 0.9 mmol/mole of GAPDH, 3.6 +/- 0.2 mmol/mole of GAPDH and 0.57 +/- 0.03 mmol/mole of GAPDH (mean +/- SE, n = 6), respectively. RAMP3 mRNA levels decreased significantly to about 50% and about 70% of control (sham-operated rats) 4 days and 14 days after 5/6 nephrectomy, respectively. CRLR mRNA levels also decreased significantly to about 30% and about 43% of control. Sodium intake restriction had no significant effects on the RAMP3 and CRLR gene expression. On the other hand, RAMP2 mRNA expression in the kidney was suppressed by sodium intake restriction regardless of nephrectomy, while RAMP2 levels in the remnant kidney were not significantly changed by 5/6 nephrectomy. Neither 5/6 nephrectomy or sodium intake restriction had any significant effects on the AM gene expression in the kidney. The present study showed that expression of mRNAs encoding AM, RAMP2, RAMP3 and CRLR were differentially regulated in remnant kidneys of rats with renal mass ablation.
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PMID:Adrenomedullin and its receptor complexes in remnant kidneys of rats with renal mass ablation: decreased expression of calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor-activity modifying protein-3. 1175 84

Hexavalent chromium is a genotoxic human pulmonary carcinogen that elevates DNA oxidation, apparently through the generation of reactive DNA-damaging intermediates including Cr(V), Cr(IV) and reactive oxygen species. We tested the hypothesis that elevation of DNA oxidation may also be through inhibition of the expression of the repair glycosylase for 8-oxo deoxyguanine (hOGG1) in cultured A549 human lung epithelial cells. Treatment with sodium dichromate (0-100 microM, 16 h) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the levels of OGG1 mRNA as measured by both RT-PCR and RNase protection assay. Sodium dichromate at 25 microM and above gave a marked reduction of OGG1 mRNA expression which was not seen at 1 microM and below. No effect on the expression of the apurinic endonuclease hAPE or the house-keeping gene GAPDH was observed at any of the concentrations of sodium dichromate investigated. Treatment of cells with the pro-oxidant H(2)O(2) (0-200 microM) for 16 h had no detectable effect on the levels of OGG1 mRNA or protein expression suggesting that the effect of sodium dichromate is not mediated by H(2)O(2). Western blotting demonstrated that sodium dichromate (100 microM; 16 h and >25 microM; 28 h) markedly reduced levels of OGG1 protein in nuclear cell extracts. Additionally, treatment of cells with sodium dichromate (>25 microM, 28 h) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the ability of nuclear extracts to nick a synthetic oligonucleotide containing 8-oxo deoxyguanine (8-oxo dG). We conclude that the elevation of 8-oxo dG levels observed in A549 cells treated with sodium dichromate may be, at least in part, due to a reduced capacity to repair endogenous and hexavalent chromium-induced 8-oxo dG.
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PMID:Down-regulation of the DNA-repair endonuclease 8-oxo-guanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) by sodium dichromate in cultured human A549 lung carcinoma cells. 1175 23

Fluoridation causes an obvious reduction of dental caries by interference with cariogenic streptococci. However, the effect of fluoride on group A streptococci that causes rheumatic fever and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is not known. We have used proteomic analysis to create a reference proteome map for Streptococcus pyogenes and to determine fluoride-induced protein changes in the streptococci. Cellular and extracellular proteins were resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. 183 protein spots were visualized, and 74 spots representing 60 unique proteins were identified. A 16-h exposure to sodium fluoride caused decreased expression of proteins required to respond to cellular stress, including anti-oxidants, glycolytic enzymes, transcriptional and translational regulators, and protein folding. Fluoride caused decreased cellular expression of two well-characterized S. pyogenes virulence factors. Fluoride decreased expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which acts to bind fibronectin and promote bacterial adherence. We also performed proteomic analysis of protein released by S. pyogenes into the culture supernatant and observed decreased expression of M proteins following fluoride exposure. These data provide evidence that fluoride causes decreased expression by S. pyogenes proteins used to respond to stress, virulence factors, and implicated in non-suppurative complications of S. pyogenes, including glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.
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PMID:Fluoride exposure attenuates expression of Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors. 1186 37

A vast number of experimental and clinical studies implicates oxygen-derived free radicals (especially, superoxide and the hydroxyl radical) and high energy oxidants (such as peroxynitrite) as mediators of acute and chronic inflammation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacological actions of melatonin in acute and chronic inflammation. Reactive oxygen species can modulate a wide range of toxic oxidative reactions. These include initiation of lipid peroxidation, direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibition of membrane sodium/potassium ATPase activity, inactivation of membrane sodium channels, and other oxidative modifications of proteins. Reactive oxygen species (e.g., superoxide, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) are all potential reactants capable of initiating DNA single strand breakage, with subsequent activation of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP ribose) synthetase (PARS), leading to eventual severe energy depletion of the cells, and necrotic-type cell death. These toxic reactions are likely to play a role in the pathophysiology of inflammation. Melatonin has been shown to possess both in vitro and in vivo important antioxidant activities as well as to inhibit the activation of poly (ADP ribose) synthetase. A large number of experimental studies have documented that melatonin exerts important anti-inflammatory actions.
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PMID:Pharmacological actions of melatonin in acute and chronic inflammation. 1189 98

Extracellular glutathione peroxidase (E-GPx) is a selenoenzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. All plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in humans is attributable to E-GPx. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract also synthesizes and secretes E-GPx into the extracellular milieu. Endogenously generated oxidants have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated E-GPx levels in a mouse model of IBD using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Histologic lesions of the lower GI tract consisted of multifocal areas of mucosal erosion denuded of epithelial cells, reduction in goblet cells, dilated crypts, crypt collapse, submucosal edema, and transmural distribution of mixed inflammatory infiltrates. On d 7, plasma GPx activity in the DSS group increased by 61% compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis demonstrated a 64% increase in E-GPx protein in the plasma of the DSS group after 7 d of treatment (p < 0.01). As the major source of plasma GPx is the kidney, we determined whether the increase in plasma GPx activity and protein was caused by a change in E-GPx synthesis by the kidney. After 3 and 7 d of DSS treatment, E-GPx mRNA levels, relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased in the kidney (p < 0.05) without a concomitant increase in cellular GPx mRNA on d 7. These results suggest that the inflammatory injury in the intestine elicits an increase in E-GPx in the plasma that is associated with an increase in E-GPx mRNA in the kidney. This implies that renal production of E-GPx may be sensitive to insults distal to the kidney.
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PMID:Increased expression of extracellular glutathione peroxidase in mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced experimental colitis. 1197 90

Acrolein, a representative carcinogenic aldehyde that could be ubiquitously generated in biological systems under oxidative stress, shows facile reactivity with the epsilon-amino group of lysine to form N(epsilon)-(3-formyl-3,4-dehydropiperidino)lysine (FDP-lysine) as the major product (Uchida, K., Kanematsu, M., Morimitsu, Y., Osawa, T., Noguchi, N., and Niki, E. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16058-16066). In the present study, we determined the electrophilic potential of FDP-lysine and established a novel mechanism of protein thiolation in which the FDP-lysine generated in the acrolein-modified protein reacts with sulfhydryl groups to form thioether adducts. When a sulfhydryl enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was incubated with acrolein-modified bovine serum albumin in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at 37 degrees C, a significant loss of sulfhydryl groups, which was accompanied by the loss of enzyme activity and the formation of high molecular mass protein species (>200 kDa), was observed. The FDP-lysine adduct generated in the acrolein-modified protein was suggested to represent a thiol-reactive electrophile based on the following observations. (i) N(alpha)-acetyl-FDP-lysine, prepared from the reaction of N(alpha)-acetyl lysine with acrolein, was covalently bound to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (ii) The FDP-lysine derivative reacted with glutathione to form a GSH conjugate. (iii) The acrolein-modified bovine serum albumin significantly reacted with GSH to form a glutathiolated protein. Furthermore, the observation that the glutathiolated acrolein-modified protein showed decreased immunoreactivity with an anti-FDP-lysine monoclonal antibody suggested that the FDP-lysine residues in the acrolein-modified protein served as the binding site of GSH. These data suggest that thiolation of the protein-bound acrolein may be involved in redox alteration under oxidative stress, whereby oxidative stress generates the increased production of acrolein and its protein adducts that further potentiate oxidative stress via the depletion of GSH in the cells.
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PMID:Thiolation of protein-bound carcinogenic aldehyde. An electrophilic acrolein-lysine adduct that covalently binds to thiols. 1203 48

Oxidative stress results from an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance: an excess of oxidants relative to the antioxidant capacity. Recent evidence strongly suggests that oxidant stress plays a major role in several aspects of ischemia and reperfusion. Immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence demonstrate the significant role of reactive oxygen species, in particular superoxide and its reaction product peroxynitrite, formed by the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide, in endothelial and tissue injury associated with ischemia and reperfusion. Endothelial cell damage, neutrophil activation and infiltration into tissues, lipid peroxidation, direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibition of membrane sodium/potassium ATPase activity, inactivation of membrane sodium channels and other oxidative protein modifications contribute to the cytotoxic effect of superoxide and peroxynitrite. In addition, superoxide and peroxynitrite trigger DNA strand breakage, with subsequent activation of the nuclear enzyme poly-ADP ribosyl synthetase, a pathway which contributes to the cellular injury in ischemia and reperfusion. In vivo, removal of superoxide (and thus of peroxynitrite) by superoxide dismutase mimetics (SODm), which mimic the catalytic activity of the human superoxide dismutase enzymes, prevent the cellular energetic failure and tissue damage associated with ischemia and reperfusion and exert an overall beneficial effect in this situation. The role(s) of superoxide and the potential utility of SODm will be discussed in this review.
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PMID:Superoxide, superoxide dismutase and ischemic injury. 1213 8

The adaptive hyperplasia of the residual intestine after a massive bowel resection is not fully understood. We investigated the alterations in polyamine and glucose-related enzyme mRNA expression during intestinal adaptation. Six-week-old male Wistar rats underwent an 80% resection of the small intestine. The residual ileum was removed on the preoperative day (control) and on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, 5 and 7. The total RNA was extracted from the mucosa, and a Northern blot analysis was performed. In the residual small intestine, the expression of polyamine synthesis enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) mRNAs were increased on POD 1. The expression of polyamine degradation enzymes diamine oxidase (DAO) and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) mRNA did not change dramatically. Antizyme-1 (AZ-1) mRNA was significantly increased on POD 1. The mRNA expression of glucose absorption and metabolism-related proteins, including the Na+-dependent D-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (Fru-6-P,2-kinase/Fru-2,6-Pase) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were only slightly changed on POD 1. The enzymes responsible for polyamine biosynthesis but not catabolism were upregulated at the translational level in enterocytes after a small bowel resection. The expression of glucose transport and glycolysis enzyme mRNAs did not increase after a small bowel resection.
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PMID:Alteration in expression of polyamine and glucose-related enzyme mRNA after small bowel resection in the rat residual ileum. 1223 99


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