Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Koningic acid inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by binding to the SH group in the active center. The fungus Trichoderma koningii, the producer of koningic acid, contains two GAPDH isozymes (GAPDHs I and II). GAPDH I is inhibited 50% by 1.1.10(-3) M koningic acid, while GAPDH II is inhibited 50% at 6.8 x 10(-6) M. cDNAs of the two isozymes were cloned from T. koningii and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequence of coding region and codon usage in both clones were compared with each other and with those of the gene for Aspergillus nidulans GAPDH (enzyme activity is inhibited 50% by 2.7 x 10(-7) M koningic acid). Results indicated that GAPDH II is more closely related to A. nidulans GAPDH than GAPDH I. All essential amino acid residues, except 174 and 181, which are implicated in catalysis and binding of NAD and substrates, were conserved among A. nidulans GAPDH and GAPDHs I and II. Residues 174 and 181 are threonine in both A. nidulans GAPDH and GAPDH II, but alanine and serine, respectively, in GAPDH I. The side-chain of alanine-174 in GAPDH I can not replace threonine-174 functionally as threonine-174 side-chain forms a hydrogen bond with the catalytically essential histidine-176.
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PMID:Cloning of two isozymes of Trichoderma koningii glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with different sensitivity to koningic acid. 843 69

The two anion-binding sites of the glycolytic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GraP-DH), the Ps and Pi sites, were originally proposed by Moras et al. [Moras, D., Olsen, K.W., Sabesan, M.N., Buehner, M., Ford, G.C. & Rossmann, M. G. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9137-9162] to bind the C3 phosphate of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and the inorganic phosphate respectively. Ps site mutants T179A, and T179M, and R231L, and the Pi site mutants T150A and T208 of the Bacillus stearothermophilus GraP-DH were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and their kinetic properties were determined and compared with those of mutants R195L and R231G, already described [Corbier, C., Michels, S., Wonacott, A. & Branlant, G. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 3260-3265]. Taking advantage of the opportunity to study both the oxidoreduction and the phosphorylation step independently and the fact that the phosphorylation becomes rate determining for most of the mutants, the relative energetic contribution of each mutated amino acid to the phosphorylation step was evaluated. It was concluded that (a) Ps amino acids contribute more than the Pi amino acids to the stabilisation of the transition state relative to the ground state and (b) the side chain of arginine contributes more than that of the threonine residue. It was also concluded that the differences observed in the efficiency of the phosphorylation step for Ps and Pi mutants is a consequence of the orientation of the thioester bond of the thioacyl] intermediate relative to the attacking inorganic phosphate and not of a change in the intrinsic electrophilic property of the thioacyl intermediate. Furthermore, the kinetic results on the overall steps leading to the acyl-enzyme formation provided supplementary evidence that the C3 phosphate moiety of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate interacts with the Pi site during these steps and thus are consistent with the findings of Skarzynski et al. [Skarzynski, T., Moody, P. C. E. & Wonacott, A. J. (1987) J. Mol Biol. 193, 171-183] and Corbier et al. [Corbier, C., Michels, S., Wonacott, A. & Branlant, G. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 3260-3265] that recommended the reconsideration of the first definition of the Ps and Pi sites.
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PMID:Phosphate-binding sites in phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. 865 12

Utilisation of glucose undergoes a marked decline during erythroblastic differentiation in the chicken. Concomitantly there is a reduction in the expression of glucose transporter proteins and in the expression of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAD). GAD activity declines, after an initial rise, while the level of GAD mRNA decreases rapidly after induction of differentiation. We have employed the temperature-sensitive chicken erythroblast cell line HD3 that differentiates to the erythrocyte phenotype at 42 degrees C in the presence of inducers (hemin and butyric acid). The role of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation pathways were evaluated with the phosphatase inhibitors sodium vanadate and okadaic acid, respectively. In the presence of phosphatase inhibitors, HD3 cells underwent differentiation and increased their synthesis of hemoglobin which is a marker protein for red blood cells differentiation. The levels of both GAD mRNA and enzymatic activity were increased by phosphatase inhibitors. The role of cAMP in differentiation was also assessed. Differentiation of HD3 cells was associated with an increase in cAMP. However the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX was not a good inducer of hemoglobin synthesis but did induce GAD mRNA and enzymatic activity. Together these results suggest that multiple pathways (including serine/threonine phosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation and elevated cAMP) are involved in the regulation of erythroblastic differentiation, hemoglobin synthesis, GAD gene expression and GAD activity in HD3 cells.
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PMID:Erythrocytic differentiation and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression are regulated by protein phosphorylation and cAMP in HD3 cells. 1078 56

Aldehyde dehydrogenase from the bioluminescent bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, catalyses the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to acids. The enzyme is unique compared with other forms of aldehyde dehydrogenase in that it exhibits a very high specificity and affinity for the cofactor NADP(+). Structural studies of this enzyme and comparisons with other forms of aldehyde dehydrogenase provide the basis for understanding the molecular features that dictate these unique properties and will enhance our understanding of the mechanism of catalysis for this class of enzyme. The X-ray structure of aldehyde dehydrogenase from V. harveyi has been solved to 2.5-A resolution as a partial complex with the cofactor NADP(+) and to 2. 1-A resolution as a fully bound 'holo' complex. The cofactor preference exhibited by different forms of the enzyme is predominantly determined by the electrostatic environment surrounding the 2'-hydroxy or the 2'-phosphate groups of the adenosine ribose moiety of NAD(+) or NADP(+), respectively. In the NADP(+)-dependent structures the presence of a threonine and a lysine contribute to the cofactor specificity. In the V. harveyi enzyme an arginine residue (Arg-210) contributes to the high cofactor affinity through a pi stacking interaction with the adenine ring system of the cofactor. Further differences between the V. harveyi enzyme and other aldehyde dehydrogenases are seen in the active site, in particular a histidine residue which is structurally conserved with phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This may suggest an alternative mechanism for activation of the reactive cysteine residue for nucleophilic attack.
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PMID:Crystal structure of the NADP+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from Vibrio harveyi: structural implications for cofactor specificity and affinity. 1090 48

The addition of cyclosporin A (500 ng ml(-1)) - an inhibitor of the Ca2+-calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin - to primary cultures of rabbit skeletal muscle cells had no influence on the expression of fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms MHCIIa and MHCIId at the level of protein and mRNA, but reduced the expression of slow MHCI mRNA. In addition, no influence of cyclosporin A on the expression of citrate synthase (CS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA was found. The level of enzyme activity of CS was also not affected. When the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (4 x 10(-7) M) was added to the medium, a partial fast-to-slow transformation occurred. The level of MHCI mRNA increased, and the level of MHCIId mRNA decreased. Cotreatment with cyclosporin A was able to prevent the upregulation of MHCI at the level of mRNA as well as protein, but did not reverse the decrease in MHCIId expression. The expression of MHCIIa was also not influenced by cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A was not able to prevent the upregulation of CS mRNA under Ca2+ ionophore treatment and failed to reduce the increased enzyme activity of CS. The expression of GAPDH mRNA was reduced under Ca2+ ionophore treatment and was not altered under cotreatment with cyclosporin A. When the myotubes in the primary muscle culture were electrostimulated at 1 Hz for 15 min periods followed by pauses of 30 min, a partial fast-to-slow transformation was induced. Again, cotreatment with cyclosporin A prevented the upregulation of MHCI at the level of mRNA and protein without affecting MHCIId expression. The nuclear translocation of the calcineurin-regulated transcription factor nuclear factor of activated thymocytes (NFATc1) during treatment with Ca2+ ionophore, and the prevention of the translocation in the presence of cyclosporin A, were demonstrated immunocytochemically in the myotubes of the primary culture. The effects of cyclosporin A demonstrate the involvement of calcineurin-dependent signalling pathways in controlling the expression of MHCI, but not of MHCIIa, MHCIId, CS and GAPDH, during Ca2+ ionophore- and electrostimulation-induced fast-to-slow transformations. The data indicate a differential regulation of MHCI, of MHCII and of metabolism. Calcineurin alone is not sufficient to mediate the complete transformation.
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PMID:Calcineurin regulates slow myosin, but not fast myosin or metabolic enzymes, during fast-to-slow transformation in rabbit skeletal muscle cell culture. 1135 Oct 29

Here, we report the first crystal structure of a photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) complexed with NADP. The enzyme, purified from spinach chloroplasts, is constituted of a single type of subunit (A) arranged in homotetramers. It shows non-regulated NADP-dependent and NAD-dependent activities, with a preference for NADP. The structure has been solved to 3.0 A resolution by molecular replacement. The crystals belong to space group C222 with three monomers in the asymmetric unit. One of the three monomers generates a tetramer using the space group 222 point symmetry and a very similar tetramer is generated by the other two monomers, related by a non-crystallographic symmetry, using a crystallographic 2-fold axis. The protein reveals a large structural homology with known GAPDHs both in the cofactor-binding domain and in regions of the catalytic domain. Like all other GAPDHs investigated so far, the A(4)-GAPDH belongs to the Rossmann fold family of dehydrogenases. However, unlike most dehydrogenases of this family, the adenosine 2'-phosphate group of NADP does not form a salt-bridge with any positively charged residue in its surroundings, being instead set in place by hydrogen bonds with a threonine residue belonging to the Rossmann fold and a serine residue located in the S-loop of a symmetry-related monomer. While increasing our knowledge of an important photosynthetic enzyme, these results contribute to a general understanding of NADP versus NAD recognition in pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes. Although the overall structure of A(4)-GAPDH is similar to that of the cytosolic GAPDH from bacteria and eukaryotes, the chloroplast tetramer is peculiar, in that it can actually be considered a dimer of dimers, since monomers are bound in pairs by a disulphide bridge formed across Cys200 residues. This bridge is not found in other cytosolic or chloroplast GAPDHs from animals, bacteria, or plants other than spinach.
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PMID:Crystal structure of the non-regulatory A(4 )isoform of spinach chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complexed with NADP. 1184 65

The chicken erythroblast cell line HD3 is transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of avian erythroleukemia virus. Upon shift to the non-permissive temperature in the presence of inducers (hemin and butyric acid), HD3 cells differentiate to an erythrocyte phenotype and provide a model system for analyzing events associated with this process. Expression of some cell surface proteins undergoes drastic changes as cells mature to the erythrocyte stage with a selective loss of membrane proteins that appears to be species-specific. Specific changes also occur in the expression and activities of cytosolic enzymes reflecting alterations of metabolism. HD3 differentiation is characterized by increased transferrin receptor (TFR) expression and increased hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, a marker for the erythrocyte. In parallel, there is a decrease in glucose transport and an increase in nucleoside transport signifying a switch from glycolytic hexose metabolism to metabolism of pentose from nucleoside. Likewise the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAD) declines while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity remains constant. Commitment to the erythrocyte lineage alters expression of specific genes: TFR mRNA level increases while expression decreases for GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporter mRNAs and GAD mRNA. However, the relationship between GAD activity and GAD mRNA was complex indicating modulation of GAD mRNA and protein half-lives. Serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation and cAMP levels were shown to regulate the level of these messages. In this review, we describe how HD3 differentiation involves changes in plasma membrane composition, metabolism and gene expression that are orchestrated at different levels of control by multiple signaling modalities.
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PMID:Molecular and biochemical events during differentiation of the HD3 chicken erythroblastic cell line. 1256 4

The robust induction of metallothionein-I and II (MT-I and MT-II) genes by several heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium requires the specific transcription factor metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF1). Chromium (VI), a major environmental carcinogen, not only failed to activate these genes but also inhibited their induction by Zn2+ or Cd2+. The heavy metal-induced expression of another MTF1 target gene, zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), was also down-regulated by Cr6+. By contrast, the expression of two MTF1-independent Cd2+-inducible genes, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and HSP-70, was not sensitive to Cr6+. Cr6+ did not also affect the expression of housekeeping genes such as GAPDH or beta-actin. Stable cell lines overexpressing variable levels of MTF1, the key transactivator of the MT genes, demonstrated differential resistance toward the inhibitory effect of Cr6+, indicating MTF1 as a target of chromium toxicity. The basal and inducible binding of MTF1 to metal response elements was not affected by treatment of cells with Cr6+. Transient transfection studies showed that the ability of MTF1 to transactivate the MT-I promoter was significantly compromised by Cr6+. The fusion protein consisting of a Gal-4 DNA binding domain and one or more of the three transactivation domains of MTF1, namely the acidic domain, proline-rich domain, and serine-threonine rich domain, activated the GAL-4-driven luciferase gene to different degrees, but all were sensitive to Cr6+. MTF1 null cells were prone to apoptosis after exposure to Zn2+ or Cd2+ that was augmented in presence Cr6+, whereas the onset of apoptosis was significantly delayed in cells overexpressing MTF1.
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PMID:Chromium(VI) down-regulates heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene transcription by modifying transactivation potential of the key transcription factor, metal-responsive transcription factor 1. 1271 93

The contents of glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits, carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and a 230 kDa protein are affected by protein deprivation in mouse liver. In order to know if particular amino acids control these contents, the effects of feeding for 5 days with diets containing different amino acids were examined. After an exploration using SDS-PAGE analysis, the action of selected diets was further examined by distinct techniques. The 230 kDa protein was identified as fatty acid synthase (FAS) by both mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence analyses. Dietary tests showed that: (1) a protein-free diet (PFD) increased the content of glutathione S-transferases P1 and M1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, while the content of glutathione S-transferase A3, fatty acid synthase and carbonic anhydrase III decreased; (2) a protein-free diet having either methionine or cysteine preserved the normal contents of glutathione S-transferases P1, A3, M1 and carbonic anydrase III; (3) a protein-free diet having threonine preserved partially the normal contents of glutathione S-transferases P1, A3, M1 and carbonic anhydrase III; (4) a protein-free diet having methionine, threonine and cysteine prevented in part the loss of fatty acid synthase; and (5) the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase content was controlled by increased carbohydrate level and/or by lower amino acid content of diets, but not by any specific amino acid. These data indicate that methionine and cysteine exert a main role on the control of liver glutathione S-transferases A3 and P1, and carbonic anhydrase III. Thus, they emerge necessary to prevent unsafe alterations of liver metabolism caused by protein deprivation.
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PMID:The mouse liver content of carbonic anhydrase III and glutathione S-tranferases A3 and P1 depend on dietary supply of methionine and cysteine. 1520 13

Protein phosphorylation is crucial for regulating synaptic transmission. We describe a novel mechanism for the phosphorylation of the GABA(A) receptor, which mediates fast inhibition in the brain. A protein copurified and coimmunoprecipitated with the phosphorylated receptor alpha1 subunit; this receptor-associated protein was identified by purification and microsequencing as the key glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Molecular constructs demonstrated that GAPDH directly phosphorylates the long intracellular loop of GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit at identified serine and threonine residues. GAPDH and the alpha1 subunit were found to be colocalized at the neuronal plasma membrane. In keeping with the GAPDH/GABA(A) receptor molecular association, glycolytic ATP produced locally at plasma membranes was consumed for this alpha1 subunit phosphorylation, possibly within a single macrocomplex. The membrane-attached GAPDH is thus a dual-purpose enzyme, a glycolytic dehydrogenase, and a receptor-associated kinase. In acutely dissociated cortical neurons, the rundown of the GABA(A) responses was essentially attributable to a Mg(2+)-dependent phosphatase activity, which was sensitive to vanadate but insensitive to okadaic acid or fluoride. Rundown was significantly reduced by the addition of GAPDH or its reduced cofactor NADH and nearly abolished by the addition of its substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The prevention of rundown by G3P was abolished by iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of the dehydrogenase activity of GAPDH, indicating that the GABA(A) responses are maintained by a glycolysis-dependent phosphorylation. Our results provide a molecular mechanism for the direct involvement of glycolysis in neurotransmission.
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PMID:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a GABAA receptor kinase linking glycolysis to neuronal inhibition. 1534 27


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