Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
 6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The choice of internal control genes is important since it may affect the study outcome in RT-qPCR. Indeed, it is well-known that expression levels of traditional internal control genes can vary across tissue types and across experimental settings within one specific tissue type. The aim of this study is an evaluation of a set of housekeeping genes (HKGs) to be used in the normalization of gene expression in vitro different cultured cells, THP-1 and K562. The transcriptional stability of eleven potential internal control genes (RPL37A, ACTB, GAPDH, B(2)M, PPIB, PGK1, PPIA, SDHA, TBP, HPRT1 and RPL13A) were evaluated using RT-qPCR and were compared in different treatment, that was un-stimulated or LPS-stimulated cells. The raw Ct values were determined for each candidate gene at different time points following LPS-stimulated or unstimulated cells. Furthermore, all data were analyzed by the geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder validation programs. Results indicated that PPIB and PGK1 were the most stable internal control genes in this study. RPL13A was found to be the least stable. This study provides the comprehensive reported assessment of internal control genes for use in expression studies in vitro cultured cells. These findings further emphasize the need to accurately validate candidate internal control genes in the study before use in gene expression studies using RT-qPCR.
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PMID:Critical selection of internal control genes for quantitative real-time RT-PCR studies in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 and K562 cells. 2299 8

Reliable determination of gene-expression levels from qRT-PCR requires accurate normalization of target genes to reference genes in order to remove nonbiological variation. Reference genes are ideally constitutively expressed in every cell, but many genes used for normalization has been shown to vary with tissue type, cellular proliferation, cancer progression, and degradation of nucleic acids. Gene-expression analysis is increasingly performed on degraded mRNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE), giving the option of examining retrospective cohorts. The aim of this study was to select robust reference genes showing stable expression over time in FFPE, controlling for various content of tumor tissue and decay of mRNA because of variable length of storage of the tissue. Sixteen reference genes were quantified by qRT-PCR in 40 FFPE breast tumor samples, stored for 1 to 29 years. Samples included 2 benign lesions and 38 carcinomas with varying tumor content. Stability of the reference genes were determined by the geNorm algorithm. mRNA was successfully extracted from all samples, and the 16 genes quantified in the majority of samples. Results showed 14% loss of amplifiable mRNA per year, corresponding to a half-life of 4.6 years. The 4 most stable expressed genes were CALM2, RPL37A, ACTB, and RPLP0. Several of the other examined genes showed considerably instability over time (GAPDH, PSMC4, OAZ1, IPO8). In conclusion, we identified 4 genes robustly expressed over time and independent of neoplastic tissue content in the FFPE block. Other widely used reference genes were concluded to be less suited for retrospective analysis of FFPE breast samples.
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PMID:Optimal reference genes for normalization of qRT-PCR data from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast tumors controlling for tumor cell content and decay of mRNA. 2384 46