Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A three-point linkage group comprised of loci coding for adenosine deaminase (ADA), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is described in fish of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae). The alleles at loci in this group were shown to assort independently from the alleles at three other loci--isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1. Alleles at the latter three loci also assort independently from each other. Data were obtained by observing the segregation of electrophoretically variant alleles in reciprocal backcross hybrids derived from crosses between either X. helleri guentheri or X. h. strigatus and X. maculatus. The linkage component of chi2 was significant (less than 0.01) in all crosses, indicating that the linkage group is conserved in all populations of both species of Xiphophorus examined. While data from X. h. guentheri backcrosses indicate the linkage relationship ADA--6%--G6PDH--24%--6PGD, and ADA--29%--6PGD (30% when corrected for double crossovers), data from backcrosses involving strigatus, while supporting the same gene order, yielded significantly different recombination frequencies. The likelihood of the difference being due to an inversion could not be separated from the possibility of a sex effect on recombination in the present data. The linkage of 6PGD and G6PDH has been shown to exist in species of at least three classes of vertebrates, indicating the possibility of evolutionary conservation of this linkage.
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PMID:Three linked enzyme loci in fishes: implications in the evolution of vertebrate chromosomes. 89 26

The system under development has a large counting rate capability; this is extremely important where the total background count exceeds the total counts in the signals of interest. Its spatial resolution is of the order of one mm, which is perfectly adequate for neutron work, while the screen size of 400 mm is reasonable. The main limitation of the system is its limited counting efficiency, and this is directly attributable to the optical self-absorption of the neutron phosphor. Any newly developed transparent phosphor with the same light output would immediately change the situation. The success of the electronics hardware in reducing random noise is demonstrated in Figure 3, which shows in the bottom trace the live video output when the input to the system is a grey-scale test chart. The top trace is the output after the image has been digitally integrated. Figures 4 and 5 show the monitor outputs of the see articles x-ray system with a "still" diffraction pattern of a crystal of GPD (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Figure 4 is a photograph of the "live" video display, and Figure 5 is the digitally summed image. All coherent noise in the system, i.e., all noise synchronized with the TV scans has to be kept lower than the first bit threshold. However, this requirement can be relaxed when dealing with diffraction patterns, such as those from single crystals, for which a local background is subtracted from the pattern.
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PMID:A neutron television camera detector. 96 82

By in vitro assay, 6 important enzymatic activities of human skin homogenates were determined following an incubation with D-penicillamine in concentrations between 10(-4) and 10 mg/ml, i.e. 67 X 10(-5) and 67 mM/l. The following enzymatic activities were recorded: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and "leucine aminopeptidase" (LAP). A dose-dependent activation by D-penicillamine occurred in the case of G-6-PDH- and AcP-activities, a dose-dependent inhibition by D-penicillamine was found with AP- and GAPDH-activities. LDH- and LAP-activities remained unchanged in the presence of D-penicillamine in concentrations up to 10 mg/ml (67 mM/l). From the data of pharmacokinetic studies in rats it may be concluded that concentrations of D-penicillamine which influence enzymatic activities may easily be reached in vivo, under the conditions of treating rheumatoid arthritis and Morbus Wilson. The biochemical actions of D-penicillamine are briefly discussed with secial regard to dermatological therapy and dermatological unwanted side-effects.
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PMID:D-penicillamine in dermatology: influence on enzymatic activities of human skin in vitro. 120 Jul 15

Male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a choline-deficient diet containing 0.10% DL-ethionine (CDE) for 4, 6, 10, 14 or 22 weeks followed by a standard diet for up to 59 weeks. Liver sections were histochemically analyzed for the following parameters: basophilia, glycogen content and the activities of glycogen synthase (SYN), glycogen phosphorylase (PHO), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PASE), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glycerin-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), 'malic enzyme' (MDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALKPASE) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). The stop experiments revealed that many of the oval cells proliferating during the first 4-6 weeks may undergo necrotic changes and disappear with time, whereas cholangiofibroses appearing in animals fed CDE for at least 10 weeks are persistent lesions. The sequence of lesions seen in this study, leading from persistent oval cells through cholangiofibroses to cholangiofibromas, strongly suggests that the oval cells are the precursor cells of cholangiocellular tumors. The proliferating oval cells and the hepatic foci consisting of clear and acidophilic or mixed cell populations were always spatially separated and no transitions between oval and parenchymal cells were observed. These results argue against a precursor-product relationship between oval and parenchymal cells. Both proliferating and persistent oval cells, cholangiofibroses and cholangiofibromas showed a strong staining for G6PDH, GAPDH, G3PDH, MDH, ALKPASE and GGT; low PHO, SYN and G6PASE activities were also detected in these lesions. Persistent glycogen-storage foci, which developed in all rats fed CDE for 4-14 weeks followed by a normal lab chow for over a year, had increased PHO, G6PDH, MDH, ALKPASE and GGT activities, while SYN, GAPDH and G3PDH activities remained unaltered and G6PASE activity decreased. Mixed cell foci appearing in animals fed CDE for 22 weeks followed by a normal lab chow for 59 weeks had strongly increased G6PDH, GAPDH, G3PDH, MDH, ALKPASE and GGT activities as well as decreased G6PASE activity. These results indicate that the characteristic metabolic pattern of preneoplastic hepatic foci is independent of the further administration of the carcinogenic diet. The shift from glycogen metabolism to glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway occurring during the later stages of CDE-induced hepatocarcinogenesis is an autogenous process apparently directing the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism towards alternative metabolic pathways. A similar metabolic shift also seems to take place during cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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PMID:Persistence of the cholangiocellular and hepatocellular lesions observed in rats fed a choline-deficient/DL-ethionine-supplemented diet. 131 Sep 7

Amino acid sequence of the 36 KD protein which is the active subunit of immunoglobulin production stimulating factor-II alpha (IPSF-II alpha) derived from Burkitt's lymphoma Namalwa cells was analyzed for the 20 amino acids from N-terminus. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein coincided very closely with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD; EC 1.2.1.12) derived from various origins. Especially, it was completely homologous with that of human liver GPD. Several GPD's derived from human erythrocyte, rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus also stimulated IgM production of hybridomas, as well as IPSF-II alpha. Conversely, IPSF-II alpha had GPD enzymic activity as strong as rabbit muscle and B. stearothermophilus, and stronger than human erythrocyte GPD. These results suggested that 36 KD subunit of IPSF-II alpha was a GPD, or GPD like protein. The level of mRNA for IgM was not enhanced by IPSF-II alpha in hybridoma cells, though the IgM productivity of the cell was remarkably stimulated by the protein, indicating that IPSF-II alpha does not stimulate immunoglobulin production by enhancement of transcription.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin production stimulating factor-II alpha (IPSF-II alpha) is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase like protein. 136 5

Effects of prolactin (PRL), bromocriptine (Br), testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the combinations of these androgens with PRL/Br on the specific activities of caudal and cranial prostatic cellular enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in castrated mature bonnet monkeys have been studied. Castration decreased all the enzymes studied such as hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (6-PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PD), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) in the cranial and caudal prostates. PRL elevated the activities of all the enzymes above normal except G-3-PD of cranial lobe. In the caudal lobe, PRL brought back the activities of HK, PFK, PK, G-6-PD to normal and 6-PGD above normal except G-3-PD. TP/DHT treatment increased all the enzymes in both the lobes. PRL given along with TP/DHT further enhanced the androgen action with regard to HK, PK, G-6-PD and 6-PGD of cranial and PFK, G-3-PD, PK, G-6-PD and 6-PGD of caudal lobe. Br treatment did not produce any alteration of these enzymes in both the lobes. In the cranial lobe, during Br+TP/DHT treatment, the stimulating effects of androgen were unaffected on all the enzymes except PK. On the other hand in the caudal, the stimulatory effects of androgens were affected and the activities of HK, PFK, PK and 6-PGD were significantly decreased. The present results suggest that PRL has a direct as well as a synergistic action with androgens on enzymes of EMP and HMP shunt in the prostates of monkeys.
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PMID:Effects of prolactin and androgens on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in prostate of castrated bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata (Geoffroy). 138 11

A total of 407 Leishmania and other Leishmania-like isolates obtained from patients, other vertebrates, sand fly vectors, and other arthropods from Kenya and other countries were characterized and compared with several World Health Organization and other well-characterized reference strains of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Crithidia, Herpetomonas, and Leptomonas by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE), using 20 enzyme systems. Analysis of the isoenzyme banding patterns (IBP) of the isolates generated isoenzyme profiles that were resolved as zymodemes and tabulated. Isolates that produced similar isoenzyme profiles in all 20 enzyme systems were placed into a particular Leishmania isoenzyme taxon, with the zymodeme designated numerically as Zn. A total of 66 zymodemes were recorded for the 407 isolates studied. To obviate the need to draw all 66 representative IBP for each of the 20 enzyme systems, the 66 zymodemes (Z1-Z66) were again placed into similarity groups represented by pattern number or Pn. This resulted in 23-50 IBP (Pn) per enzyme system. The highest number of IBP scored was for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (P1-50) and the lowest score was for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) (P1-23). From these different isoenzyme profiles or zymodemes, IBP of 14 (MDH, GPI, nucleoside hydrolase, phosphoglucomutase, malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transferase/aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, fumarase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) of the 20 enzyme systems were selected for computer-calculated numerical taxonomy. Consistent individual isoenzyme bands with similar relative mobilities of the 14 enzyme systems were scored into groups (allelomorphs, allozymes, or electromorphs) and used in cluster analysis. For each pattern in every profile, the presence of a consistent band was entered as 1 and its absence as 0. A total of 419 allozyme characters (variables) were scored for the 14 enzyme systems. Lastly, all different zymodemes sharing a particular IBP (Pn) within an enzyme system were counted and the total number was shown as a zymodeme frequency (Zf). Final analysis of the CAE isoenzyme profiles and cluster-dendrograms resulted in the identification of several potentially new species and subspecies of Leishmania and other Leishmania-like isolates from patients, sand flies, and animal reservoir hosts collected from Kenya and other locations in Africa. Zymodeme analysis of the Kenyan visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis isolates resulted in the identification of 11 subpopulations of the L. donovani species complex and six subpopulations of the L. tropica species complex endemic to different geographic areas of Kenya.
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PMID:Biochemical characterization and zymodeme classification of Leishmania isolates from patients, vectors, and reservoir hosts in Kenya. 147 44

GPD genes encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were isolated from the homobasidiomycetes Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Agaricus bisporus. All three species contain one transcriptionally active GPD gene, but A. bisporus also contains an inactive GPD gene (tandemly linked to the active gene). These genes contain 5-9 introns located at conserved positions, differing (except in one case) from intron positions in ascomycetous GPD genes. The predicted amino-acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the three active GPD genes are highly homologous. A comparison with protein sequences from filamentous ascomycetes shows a clear distinction, whereas the GPD genes from ascomycetous yeasts are quite distinct from both the filamentous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. Promoter regions of ascomycetous GPD genes do not correspond to those of the GPD genes of basidiomycetes which may (partly) explain poor expression in basidiomycetes of introduced genes driven by an ascomycete GPD promoter.
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PMID:Sequence analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes from the basidiomycetes Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Agaricus bisporus. 147 76

Renal clear cell tubules and clear/acidophilic cell tumors were induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by 7 weeks oral administration (stop model) of N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) at a concentration of 12 mg/100 ml in the drinking water. Twelve, 23 and 34 weeks after withdrawal of NNM serial cryostat sections of the kidneys were histochemically analyzed for the following parameters: glucose transporter proteins (GLUT1, GLUT2), glycogen content and the activities of glycogen synthase (SYN), glycogen phosphorylase (PHO), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), hexokinase (HK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Clear cell (glycogenotic) tubules first appeared at 23 weeks, and clear/acidophilic cell tumors at 34 weeks after withdrawal of the carcinogen. G6Pase, ALP, GGT and GLUT2 were absent in clear cell tubules, clear/acidophilic cell tubules, and clear/acidophilic cell tumors indicating a sequential origin of all these types of lesions from the collecting duct system, in line with previous morphological findings. In comparison to the collecting duct epithelium, glycogenotic tubules demonstrated an increased activity of PHO and reduced activities of glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes, which were accompanied by a strongly reduced expression of GLUT1. Moderately increased activities of glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes were observed in the clear cells of clear/acidophilic cell tubules and tumors compared with those in glycogenotic tubules. They had slightly increased activities of the glycolytic enzymes GAPDH and PK compared with normal collecting duct epithelium, while most of them were nearly lacking in GLUT1. Our findings suggest that glycogen storage is not due to an increased uptake of glucose from the blood, but results from a disturbance in intracellular flux of metabolites. The development of clear cell tubules from the normal collecting duct epithelium is accompanied by a markedly decreased expression of GLUT1 along with a reduction in glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes. This reduction of enzyme activities is replaced by an increase in enzyme activities in clear/acidophilic cell tumors indicating a fundamental shift in carbohydrate metabolism during progression from preneoplastic to neoplastic lesions.
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PMID:Sequential changes in glycogen content, expression of glucose transporters and enzymic patterns during development of clear/acidophilic cell tumors in rat kidney. 147 41

The linkage of loci coding for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) is described in fish of the genus Poecilia (Teleostei:Poeciliidae) and designated Poecilia linkage group I. These two loci were shown to assort independently from six other informative markers (peptidase S, malate dehydrogenase 2 [soluble], mannose phosphate isomerase, parvalbumin 2, phosphoglucomutase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2) within the limits of the data obtained. Data for the linkage analyses were generated by scoring starch-gel electrophoretic phenotypes of the eight loci in reciprocal backcross hybrids obtained from matings between Poecilia perugiae and P. vittata. The linkage chi 2 for G6PD-PGD locus pairs was significant (P less than 0.001) in all reciprocal backcross hybrid broods (22.7% recombinants in the combined data), indicating linkage in both parental species. The linkage of G6PD and PGD in gene maps of the poeciliid genera Xiphophorus and Poeciliopsis documents homology of this linkage within the family. Linkages in salmonid and centrarchid fishes suggest conservation of this linkage group in most or all teleosts. The six additional indpendently assorting loci have been assigned to independent linkage groups in Xiphophorus; thus, no example of poeciliid linkage group divergence has yet been identified.
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PMID:Linkage of two enzyme loci in the fish genus Poecilia (Teleostei:Poeciliidae). 150 35


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