Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
 6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Representative enzyme activities of energy supplying metabolism were measured in muscle specimens of brachial biceps, deltoid or anterior tibial muscle of patients with affections of the peripheral nerves. Simultaneously performed measurements of the same enzyme activities in the contralateral normal muscles served as a control. 5 patients suffered from a lesion of the brachial plexus, 7 patients had a paralysis of the axillary nerve, and 8 patients had a peroneal paralysis. In all denervated muscles no electrophysiological signs of reinnervation were present. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were found to be highest in the normal brachial biceps muscle. Lower activities were measured in the normal deltoid and anterior tibial muscle. The oxidative enzymes, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase as well as hexokinase, showed no significant difference from the levels of the control. It is suggested that a probable factor determining the differences of the enzyme activities of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation between brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscle, might be the pattern of impulse activity in the motor nerves of these muscles. The enzyme activities of glycogen phosphorylase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, decreased rapidly during the first 2 months after denervation in the brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscle, whereas the decrease was slight during the following months. The activities of the oxidative enzymes (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase) showed no significant change after denervation. The metabolic difference of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation between the three muscles was no longer maintained. The possible causes of the deeply decreased enzyme activities of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation, as well as the causes of the unchanged oxidative enzyme activities and of the increased hexokinase activity after denervation in the human brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscle, are discussed.
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PMID:[Representative enzymes of energy supplying metabolism in the normal and denervated human brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscles (author's transl)]. 5 9

In biopsy samples of the lateral part of the quadriceps femoris muscle of 6 obese diabetic male patients and of 11 obese males with a normal glucose tolerance, the activities of 7 enzymes of energy metabolism were estimated: hexokinase, cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD dehydrogenase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The obese diabetic male patients exhibited decreased activities of enzymes of carbohydrate breakdown and cytoplasmic NAD regeneration. Enzymes connected functionally with aerobic metabolism were less affected. The unchanged activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase points to an increased role of fatty acid catabolism in the muscle.
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PMID:Enzyme activities in quadriceps femoris muscle of obese diabetic male patients. 90 76

1. In 3 groups of men, differing as to the amount and intensity of physical training loads, increasing in the order "sedentary": "sporting": "athletic", enzyme activities were estimated in biopsy samples of m. quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis). The enzymes were: Hexokinase (HK), NAD: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), NAD: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOADH). Indicators of laboratory performance and whole-body metabolic capacities (maximal oxygen consumption etc.) were estimated in the "sporting" and "athletic" groups. 2. In the 2 latter groups, distinguished by greater physical activity, the atypical enzyme activity pattern, remarkable by a low activity of LDH and high relative activities of GPDH and HK, as reported earlier in a sedentary group (Bass et al., 1975a), disappeared. The possibility of the atypical low LDH enzyme activity pattern as resulting from lack of bodily exertion is discussed. 3. The moderately trained "sporting" group distinguishes itself from the "sedentary" one mainly by a higher activity of LDH and by lower activities of GPDH and MDH. In the intensively trained "athletic" group, enzymes connected to aerobic oxidation (MDH, CS, HOADH) and GPDH also show higher activities than in the "sporting" group. The difference between the two more active groups is further borne out by a higher maximum oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release of the well-trained "athletic" group. This difference of enzyme activity pattern may not be confined to the quadriceps femoris muscle.
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PMID:Enzyme activity patterns of energy supplying metabolism in the quadriceps femoris muscle (vastus lateralis): sedentary men and physically active men of different performance levels. 94 91

Histometric data obtained by the point counting method, and the enzyme patterns of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty degradation and energy transfer have been determined in the same muscle specimens of m. vastus lateralis from 12 untrained patients between the ages of 4 and 78 years who suffered no disturbance of the neuromuscular system. Activities of 18 enzymes have been related to pure muscle weight corrected for fatty and connective tissue content, as well as to single fibre weight. A comparable muscle enzyme pattern was found in persons of around 20 years old and around 70 years old when expressed per gram of single fibre weight. However, in terms of grams of pure muscle weight, a significant activity decrease with age was obtained for 6-phosphofructokinase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, whereas activity of hexose diphosphatase increased with age as also did 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. Five other cytoplasmic enzyme activities involved in glycolysis and energy transfer did not change significantly with age, nor did lysosomal acid phosphatase. The mitochondrial enzyme activities of gluconeogenesis (for example, pyruvate carboxylase, malic enzyme) were diminished to a lesser extent as also the auxiliary enzymes glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; glutamate dehydrogenase activity remained unchanged. The findings indicate a distinct disorganization of cytoplasmic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways in presenile human skeletal muscle, confirming the histometric data already described. They cannot be explained by changes with age in numerical or areal ratio of type I and type II fibres.
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PMID:Disorganization of glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways in skeletal muscle of aged persons studied by histometric and enzymatic methods. 743 2

The purpose of the study was to verify the influence of several weeks of chronic low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES) on the metabolic profile and functional capacity of human skeletal muscle. Knee extensor muscles (KEM) of eight subjects were electrically stimulated at 8 Hz for 8 h/day and 6 days/wk. Vastus lateralis muscle samples were taken before, after 4 wk, and after 8 wk of LFES, and activities of anaerobic (creatine kinase, phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and aerobic-oxidative (citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, cytochrome-c oxidase) enzyme markers were determined. KEM dynamic performance was also assessed before, after 4 wk, and after 8 wk of LFES. Activity levels of anaerobic enzymes were not altered, whereas the activity levels of citrate synthase (29%),3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (22%), and cytochrome-c oxidase (25%) were significantly increased after 4 wk of LFES but were not further increased after 4 additional wk of LFES. KEM performance was also improved (P < 0.05) but leveled off after 4 wk of LFES. Although significant changes were observed, the results of the present study suggest that the muscle characteristics investigated in the current study have a limited capacity of adaptation in response to this form of chronic LFES.
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PMID:Human skeletal muscle adaptation in response to chronic low-frequency electrical stimulation. 783 13

It has been proposed that highly biosynthetic cells oxidize fatty acids to generate ATP while maintaining high levels of glucose metabolism through the glycolytic and pentose shunt systems to supply biosynthetic intermediates. We investigated the metabolic strategies and substrate for ATP production in the osteoclast. We used in situ quantitative microcytophotometric techniques to determine the maximal activity of the pentose shunt (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; G6PD), the glycolytic pathway (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase; G3PD and LDH), fatty acid oxidation (beta-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase; HOAD), and the Krebs cycle (succinate dehydrogenase; SDH) in human osteoclasts in situ, and related these enzyme activities to the degree of involvement of the cells in resorption. Unlike other highly biosynthetic cells, such as chondrocytes and macrophage polykaryons, osteoclasts associated with bone resorption were deficient in G3PD, LDH, and G6PD activity. However, osteoclasts did demonstrate a capacity for fatty acid oxidation which increased in cells apposed to the bone surface. The lack of significant glycolytic and pentose shunt activity in the osteoclast provides good evidence that resorbing osteoclasts, unlike phagocytosing macrophage polykaryons, have the metabolic characteristics of cells with greatly reduced capabilities of de novo mRNA synthesis but which do maintain high rates of ATP production. The possibility that the loss of glycolytic activity is a prelude to cell death is discussed.
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PMID:Microcytophotometric analysis of human osteoclast metabolism: lack of activity in certain oxidative pathways indicates inability to sustain biosynthesis during resorption. 815 31

To investigate effects of sustained activity on major phenotypic properties, the left extensor digitorum longus muscle of young (15 wk) and aging (101 wk) male Brown Norway rats was subjected to 50 days of chronic low-frequency stimulation (CLFS; 10 Hz, 10 h/day). The contralateral muscle served as control. Changes in metabolic enzymes were analyzed by using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase as reference enzymes of glycolysis and by using citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as mitochondrial enzymes representative of aerobic-oxidative metabolism. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. No differences existed between the enzyme activity profiles of control muscles from young and aging rats. CLFS induced similar increases in mitochondrial enzymes, as well as similar decreases in glycolytic enzymes. Although the MHC composition of the control muscles in the aging rats displayed a shift toward slower isoforms, the ultimate changes induced by CLFS led to nearly identical MHC phenotypes in both young and aging rats. These results demonstrate an unaltered adaptability of skeletal muscle to increased neuromuscular activity in the aging rat.
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PMID:Identical responses of fast muscle to sustained activity by low-frequency stimulation in young and aging rats. 968 17

Specimens of the fruit beetle Pachnoda sinuata were starved for up to 30 days. The weight of the beetles declined consistently throughout the starvation period. Concentrations of carbohydrates and alanine in flight muscles, fat body and haemolymph decreased rapidly after onset of starvation, while the concentration of proline remained high. Whereas the lipid concentrations in the haemolymph did not change significantly upon starvation, the lipid content in flight muscles and fat body decreased significantly.Beetles that had been starved for 14 days responded to injection of Mem-CC, the endogenous neuropeptide from its corpora cardiaca, with hyperprolinaemia and a decrease in the alanine level, but no such effect was monitored after prolonged starvation of 28 days. Regardless of the period of starvation, Mem-CC injection could not cause hypertrehalosaemia or hyperlipaemia, although carbohydrates were increased in fed beetles after injection.Flight ability of beetles that had been starved for 15 or 30 days was apparently not impaired. During such periods, beetles used proline exclusively as fuel for flight as evidenced by the increase in the level of alanine in the haemolymph and decrease of the level of proline; the concentrations of carbohydrates and lipids remained unchanged.Activities of malic enzyme and alanine aminotransferase (enzymes involved in transamination in proline metabolism), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (enzyme of glycolysis), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (enzyme of beta-oxidation of fatty acids) and of malate dehydrogenase (enzyme of Krebs cycle) were measured in fat body and flight muscles. In flight muscle tissue the maximum activity of NAD(+)-dependent malic enzyme increased, while that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased during starvation, and malate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase were unchanged. In fat body tissue, activities of NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased during food deprivation and activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase remained unchanged.
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PMID:Metabolic changes in the African fruit beetle, Pachnoda sinuata, during starvation. 1277 Feb 39