Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.2.1.13 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
 6,511 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has proven to be a valuable molecular technique in gene expression quantification. Target gene expression levels are usually normalized to a stably expressed reference gene simultaneously determined in the same sample. It is critical to select optimal reference genes to interpret data generated by RT-qPCR. However, no suitable reference genes have been identified in human ovarian cancer to date. In this study, 10 housekeeping genes, ACTB, ALAS1, GAPDH, GUSB, HPRT1, PBGD, PPIA, PUM1, RPL29, and TBP as well as 18S rRNA that were already used in various studies were analyzed to determine their applicability. Totally 20 serous ovarian cancer specimens and 20 normal ovarian epithelial tissue specimens were examined. All candidate reference genes showed significant differences in expression between malignant and nonmalignant groups except GUSB, PPIA, and TBP. The expression stability and suitability of the 11 genes were validated employing geNorm and NormFinder. GUSB, PPIA, and TBP were demonstrated as the most stable reference genes and thus could be used as reference genes for normalization in gene profiling studies of serous ovarian cancer, while the combination of two genes (GUSB and PPIA) or the all three genes should be recommended as a much more reliable normalization strategy.
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PMID:Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies of human serous ovarian cancer by real-time polymerase chain reaction. 1962 37

Neuropathic pain is triggered by damage to or as a result of the dysfunction of the somatosensory nervous system. Gene expression profiling using DNA microarray and real-time PCR have emerged as powerful tools for the elucidation of pain-specific pathways and identification of candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Proper normalization of the gene expression data with stable reference genes is a prerequisite to obtaining accurate gene expression changes. We have evaluated the stability of six candidate reference genes which include three commonly used housekeeping genes (ACTB, GAPDH and HMBS) and three ribosomal protein genes (RPL3, RPL19 and RPL29) using real-time PCR in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Unexpectedly, ACTB but not GAPDH was stably expressed. In addition, we have identified RPL29 and RPL3 as novel reference genes. Normalization of expression data using GAPDH or HMBS led to overestimation of transcriptional changes. Using RPL29/RPL3/ACTB as reference genes, a number of transcripts were found to be specifically and significantly regulated in injured dorsal root ganglia. These genes may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain pathology and may serve as candidate biomarkers for potential diagnosis.
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PMID:Identification and validation of reference genes for expression studies in a rat model of neuropathic pain. 2080 30

This study aimed to evaluate 12 genes (18S, GAPDH, B2M, ACTB, ALAS1, GUSB, HPRT1, PBGD, PPIA, PUM1, RPL29, and TBP) for their reliability and stability as reference sequences for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) isolated from patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH). BMSCs were isolated from 20 ANFH patients divided into four groups according to etiology, and four donors with femoral neck fractures. Total RNA was isolated from BMSCs and reverse transcribed into complementary DNA, which served as a template for RT-qPCR. Three commonly used programs were then used to analyze the results. Reference gene expression varied within each group, between specific groups, and among all five groups. Based on comparisons of all five groups, two of the programs used suggested that HPRT1 was the most stable reference gene, while 18S and ACTB were the most variable. Among the 12 candidate reference genes, HPRT1 exhibited the greatest reliability, followed by PPIA. Thus, these sequences could be used as references for the normalization of RT-qPCR results.
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PMID:Evaluation of the stability of reference genes in bone mesenchymal stem cells from patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head. 2732 96

Compared with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other conventional cancer treatments, near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy mediated by gold nanoparticles had advantages of non-invasive, safe, non-drug resistance and small side effects. Especially for tongue cancer and other head and neck tumors, NIR gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy is more conducive to preserve the anatomic and functional integrity of stomatognathic system, improving the life quality of patients. However, the toxic organic phase substances are commonly used in conventional gold nanoparticles preparation process in order to increase the stability of the material which limited its application in the biomedical field. In this study, a new type of gold nanoflower (GNF) particles were synthesized by seeding approach in aqueous phase, with better biocompatibility and free of organic substances. Then, the photo-thermal conversion curve under the irradiation of NIR laser ray were investigated. The absorption peak of prepared GNF particles was 719 nm and they had high efficient photothermal conversion in near-infrared region. Furthermore, we investigated the inhibition effect of NIR photothermal therapy with different laser power mediated by the GNF particles on human tongue carcinoma cells by detecting the relative growth rate, cell cycle, and apoptosis and necrosis. The results showed that NIR photothermal therapy mediated by prepared GNF particles could inhibit proliferation of tongue carcinoma Tca-8113 cells obviously, and the relative growth rate of Tca-8113 cells decreased along with the increasing of GNF concentration and laser power. At last, we validated the expression stabilities of 12 commonly used reference genes (18S, ACTB, ALAS1, GAPDH, TBP, HPRT1, RPL29, HMBS, PPIA, PUM1, GUSB, and B2M) after the above treatment through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Three commonly used software, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper are used to compare stability between reference genes. The final ranking of the candidate reference genes expression stability was TBP > PPIA > RPL29 > B2M > 18S rRNA > GAPDH > GUSB > ACTB > HPRT1 > ALAS1 > HMBS > PUM1. The combination of TBP + PPIA is best for normalizing the relative quantitation. The results suggested that GNF particles had high photothermal conversion in NIR region and was ideal mediated material for tumor NIR photothermal therapy. NIR photothermal therapy mediated by GNFs could inhibit the growth rate of tongue carcinoma Tca-8113 cells obviously. The recommend reference genes can be used for improving the accuracy of gene expression studies in the molecular mechanism of near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy mediated by the gold nanoflower (GNF) particles.
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PMID:Growth Inhibition Effect and Validation of Stable Expressed Reference Genes for Near-Infrared Photothermal Therapy Mediated by Gold Nanoflower Particles on Human Tongue Carcinoma Tca-8113 Cells. 3125 Nov 48